Izinhlelo Zokuvuna Amanzi Emvula

© ICARDA
Kunezinhlelo ezintathu zokuvuna amanzi emvula. Ama-macro-catchment iqoqo lamanzi emvula avela ngaphandle kwepulazi. I-micro-catchment iqoqo lemvula yamanzi kusukela emapulazini epulazini, kuyilapho uphahla-uphethiloli oluncane, ukuqoqwa kwamanzi emvula ophahleni lwezakhiwo.

Indawo Enkulu

Amanzi asemanzini aqoqwa ezindaweni ezigelezayo ezungeze ipulazi noma isakhiwo. Amanzi anganciphisa futhi ahanjiswe emasimini, njengejessours aseTunisia. Lezi zindawo zitholakala ezindaweni ezinamathambeka lapho imvula yaminyaka yonke iphakathi kuka-100 - 200 mm. Ukuqoqa amanzi emvula kungandisa amanzi atholakalayo ukuze afane nemvula engu-400-500 mm ngonyaka. Izindonga zamatshe ezakha amabhasi amancane noma amadamu kanye ne-slipway yokukhulula amanzi angaphezu kwamanzi yizici zezinhlelo zokudoba ama-macro. Noma yimaphi amanzi angaphezu kwamanzi angagcinwa. Ezinye izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba nokulawulwa kwezikhukhula.

Indawo Encane

©Natural Resources Conservation Service (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
Amanzi emvula aqoqwa kusuka emasimini ase-field kanye nobude obuncane bokudoba. Ngokwenza njalo, lokhu kwenziwa ngokudala amabhasi angajulile kanye nezimbiza ezincane emithambekeni yokuqoqa amanzi. Wonke amanzi agcinwa enhlabathini. Lolu hlelo linciphisa ukugeleza okuvela ensimini futhi kuvimbela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi.

Indawo Ophahleni Encane

Amanzi emvula aqoqwe ophahleni futhi ahanjiswe nge-gutters noma amapayipi abe tank isitoreji. Umpompi uvame ukuxhunyaniswa ne-tank. Amanzi atholakala ngokushesha ukuze asetshenziswe ekhaya.

Amasu Okuvuna Amanzi

Inqubo yokuvuna amanzi emvula (IRWH) yasendaweni yasungulwa ngabacwaningi be-Institute for Agricultural Research Council's Institute for Soil, Climate and Water eBloemfontein.
Inqubo ye-IRWH iqukethe imikhawulo engu-2 m-ububanzi phakathi kweminye imigqa yezitshalo futhi igcina amanzi angenawo emigodini noma amadamu amancane angajulile. Ngemuva kokuthi izitsha zakhiwe, akukho ukulima nokulimala - ukulima nokukhululeka kwenhlabathi - kwenziwa endaweni yokugijima kanye ne-crust ke amafomu, okwenza ngcono amanzi. Amanzi aqoqwe ngale ndlela angangena ngaphakathi enhlabathini engaphansi kwezingqimba, ngaleyo ndlela anciphisa ukukhuphuka kwamanzi.
Le nqubo yokuvuna amanzi yamanzi ihlanganisa izindlela zokulima zokuvuna amanzi, ukungena, ukuthungatha amanzi kanye nokwabelana ngemifino emhlabathini owomile wobungozi. I-Basin tillage kusho ukuthi inhlabathi endaweni lapho amanzi eqoqwe khona, isibonelo, amadamu angajulile, akhululiwe. Lokhu kungenziwa nge-rake futhi kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi angena kalula emhlabathini.
Inqubo ye-IRWH inganciphisa ukulinganisa kwamanzi amanzi kuze kube yilapho futhi iyanciphisa ukukhuphuka emhlabathini. Lokhu kubangela izitshalo ezikhulayo ngenxa yamanzi amaningi endaweni yezimpande zezitshalo.
Ucwaningo eThaba Nchu esifundazweni saseFree State lathola ukuthi uhlelo lwe-IRWH lwandise isivuno sezitshalo zasehlobo: ummbila wanda ngo-40%, i-sunflower ngo-30% kanye nobhontshisi owomile ngamaphesenti angu-90.
Kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise umqubhetha endaweni yokugijima ukuvimbela inhlabathi ekuhambeni emanzini.

Izinzuzo

Izinzuzo zendawo eziseweni:
Iyeka ukuphuma emkhakheni
Inciphisa ukungena kwamanzi
Izitolo zivuna amanzi avunyiwe kuphrofayela yomhlabathi
Ukusebenzisa ama-mulch kumabhasi kunciphise ukukhuphuka
Izinzuzo zendawo ezisamfula:
Ikhuthaza ukuhamba kwamanzi emkhakheni
Izenzo njengendawo yokugcina amanzi yamanzi
Ukusetshenziswa kwemifino endaweni yokugijima kunciphise ukukhuphuka komzimba futhi kuvimbele ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi

Izidingo Zokuvuna Amanzi - IRWH

Ukuvunwa kwamanzi emvula yasendlini akufanelekile emhlabathini onesihlabathi futhi kusetshenziswe kangcono emhlabathini wobumba noma enhlabathini eyisibili - inhlabathi yezingqikithi ezifaniyo nobumba. Ukuze unqume okuqukethwe kobumba, gcwalisa ingcezu yenhlabathi ngesimo sesibungu bese uzama ukuyifaka ku-C.
Umthamo awufanele udlulele u-8% emhlabathini ongeke uhlaselwe, njengedwala nemvula yaminyaka yonke kumele ibe phakathi kuka-450 no-700 mm.

Translated by Nsika Khoza