Mapungubwe ke lefelo la setso sa seAfrika sa bogologolo, se se boneng katlego mo dintshing tsa Noka ya Limpopo go tloga ka 900 AD go fitlha ka 1300 AD. Ke bogosi jwa maloba jo bo itsegeng thata jwa mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, mme thotloetso ya jo e anametse go aparela kgaolo e e bonagalang, e e akaretsang dikarolo tse ga jaana di itsagaleng jaaka Afrika Borwa, Botswana le Zimbabwe.
Go feta fao, moragonyana, Mapungubwe e ne ele bogosi jo bo maatla thata jo bo neng bo na le dikamano le bagwebi ba pejana ba China, ba baArabia le ba India, ba ba neng ba ntse ba gweba go ikala le Lobopo lwa Botlhaba jwa Afrika gotswa kwa dingwageng tse di fetang 4000.
Fa Mapungubwe e ne e phutlhama ka tshoganyetso ka 1290 AD, baagi ba ne fudugela kwa mafulong a matalana, jaaka toropo-kgolo ya lejwe ya Great Zimbabwe. Ga jaana go a amogelwa gore baagi ba maloba ba Mapungubwe ke karolo ya badimo ba BaShona le BaVenda ba gompieno (mme gongwe ba ntse le seabe mo merafeng ya Basotho le Batswana gape). Ka jalo, Mapungubwe e tshameka karolo e kgolo mo pakeng e e botlhokwa e gantsi e lebalwang ya histori ya rona ya pejana.
Le fa e na le histori e e gatisitsweng, Mapungubwe le batho ba yona e lebega e somoga mo dikakanyong, tsa mo merafeng ya selegae e e dutseng mo kgaolong le mo baYuropeng ba ba sa tswang go goroga mo metlheng ya ga jaana. Le morago ga gore e ‘bonwe-gape’ mo dingwageng tsa pejana tsa bo 1930, kgang ya Mapungubwe e ne gantsi e tsewa botsatsa jaaka kinane kgotsa kgaolo ya masaitseweng mo nakong e ntsho ya Afrika e e fitileng, mme e ne ya folosetswa kwa lemoragong la histori.
Fela tsotlhe tseno di a fetoga. Ka 1994, goya le mmuso o montšhwa wa temokrasi, go ne ga nna le kgatlhego e e ntšhwafaditsweng mo bogosing jo bo kileng jwa tlhokomologiwa jwa paka ya Afrika wa pele ga histori (ke gore, sengwe le sengwe se se diragetseng pele ga kgorogo ya ga van Riebeeck). Go ne gape go na le keletso ya go bona le go tsaya gape matshwao a bomaloba jo bo motlotlo jwa Afrika, a a ka diragatsang jaaka pone-tlhagiso ya ‘Tsosoloso ya Afrika’. Mapungubwe e ne fela ele thekethe.
Mme botlhokwa jwa lefelo leno bo aname go tlola melelwane ya rona ya selegae. Ka tshwanelo, morago ga tsamaiso e e atlegileng ya kopô semolaô, Tikologo ya Ngwao ya Mapungubwe e ne ya begwa jaaka World Heritage Site ya bo 1099 ka Ferikgong 2002.
Jaaka ICOMOS (the International Council on Monuments and Sites) e kaile mo pegelong ya yona go UNESCO, “Mapungubwe e botlhokwa mo lefatsheng ka tsele e e bontshang tlhatlhogo le phutlhamo ya bogosi jwa ntlha jo bo tlholegileng mo borwa jwa Afrika.
Mo lefelong leno go masaledi a mešate else meraro, mafelo-bodulo a ona a a kwa ntle, le mafatshe go dikologa makopanelo a dinoka tsa Limpopo le Shashe, tse monono wa tsona o tshegeditseng morafe o mo golo wa bogosi.” “Kêmô ya Mapungubwe kwa makgabaganyong a ditsela tsa bokone/borwa le botlhaba/bophirima mo borweng jwa Afrika e e thusitse go ka laola kgwebisano go tsena ka maêmêla-kêpê a Afrika Botlhaba goya India le China le mo borweng jwa Afrika.
Gotswa kwa nageng-bogare jwa yona e kotutse gouta le lonaka - ditlhokwa tse di thebolelo-tlase kwa mafelong a mangwe - tse e di tliseditseng khumo e kgolo e e bontshwang ka dilwana tse di tlisitsweng mo nageng jaaka porcelain gotswa China le ditalama tsa galase tsa Persian.”
“Phutlhamo ya tshoganyetso ya Mapungubwe, e e lerweng ke maêmô a bosa a a tswileng mo taolong, le go phuaganngwa ga mošate, e raya gore masaledi a bogosi a somaretswe. Maêmô a Mapungubwe jaaka mothêô wa maatla mo borwa jwa Afrika a fapogetse kwa bokone kwa Great Zimbabwe le Khami. Mapungubwe e tshwanetse go lebiwa jaaka motlapele wa magosi a mabedi ano a moragonyana.”
Ka jalo Mapungubwe ke moamogedi o o tshwanelwang wa maêmô a National Heritage le World Heritage. Fela lereo ‘tikologo ya ngwao’ le tsena kae? Ga e sale ka 1992, dikamano tse di bonagalang magareng ga batho le tikologo ya tlhagô di ne di lemogilwe jaaka ditikologo tsa ngwao, mme Mapungubwe e tota e tshwanelwa ke tlhaloso eno.
Jaaka Jane Curruthers, mmahistori ya tikologo yo o tlotlwang, a e baya: “Mapungubwe ga se ya tlhagô, fela tikologo e e agetsweng go ka fana ka sesupo sa setšhaba se se e dirisang. Mokgweetsi wa setšhaba sa kwa tshimologong e ne ele tiriso, tiriso-botlhaswa le go dirisa bojotlhe jwa didiriswa tsa tlhagô, go nonofatsa boleng jwa loago, sepolotiki le leruo.”
Carruthers o tswelela ka go nopola motlapitsong o mongwe, P. Fowler, yo o areng: “bontsi jwa boalo jwa naga jwa mo lefatsheng ke, ka bontsi kgotsa ka bonnye, ‘ditikologo tsa ngwao’, mme nngwe ya dipoelo tsa paka-telele tse di botlhokwa thata, tsa go akaretsa ditikologo tsa ngwao ka fa tlase ga World Heritage Convention, ke gore e tshwanetse go thusa go rotloetsa têmogô gongwe le gongwe ya ditema tsa tikologo”. Mme seno re se bua rotlhe.
Translated by Nchema Rapoo