Amagama Omndeni
Igama lomndeni noma lomndeni elisetshenziswe ngumuntu omdala wesilisa noma wesifazane isiXhosa esizuzwe nguyise kanye nobulungu beqoqo le-agnatic lihambisana nokuhlanganiswa komndeni othile. Kodwa-ke, le ndlu yayiyiqembu elibanzi kakhulu kunamaqembu ahlukumezayo, okwakubaluleke ngokubaluleka kwendawo. Amalungu ahlukene emndenini owodwa ayevame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihlukene futhi ayebalandeli bezinhlanga ezahlukene kanye namakhosi.
Abaholi bezinhlanga ezinezikhombandlela ezinkulu embusweni othile babele abalandeli babo emkhandlwini wenkosi futhi bahlanganyela kuzo zonke izinqumo ezithinta izikhulu. Amalungu omndeni ayeyizinzala zomkhulu ojwayelekile, nakuba lokhu kwakungenakufakazelwa.
Amalungu omndeni ofanayo awazange axoxe futhi owesifazane ugcine igama lomndeni wakhe ngisho nangemva kokushada. Igama lezinhlanga lisabalulekile nanamuhla njengenkomba yokumazisa umphakathi. Lapho abantu abangabazi behlangana nabo, bavame ukuzethula ngokwenza amagama abo. Ngale ndlela izindlela zokuxhumana zomphakathi zibonakala futhi zenziwe.
Umbuso Wamakhosi amaXhosa
Izindawo zokuhlala zesiXhosa endaweni ethile zawela ngaphansi kwesikhundla kanye negunya lenduna yendawo esendaweni yabo. Indawo enkulu yenhloko yakha isikhungo sezenhlalakahle, sokuphatha, sezomthetho nesasempi seziphathimandla. Ngisho noma igunya eliphezulu lezinduna ligcine lihlala nomkhandlu wesikhulu kunokuba libe yinkosi, isikhulu sasiyi-headhead, uyise kanye nomphathi wendabuko.
Wabiza ukuzingela, ukuvuna, impi nokusoka - yonke imisebenzi yokusebenzisana yomphakathi ehilela ukusebenzisa izinsimbi zomculo ezibukhali ezifana nemikhonto nemigodi. Lezi zixhobo zazihlangene ngqo namahlathi noma amahlathi kanye nemithunzi (imimoya), kanye nemibono ehambisana nokuhlanzeka nokuzigcina (ukuzila) okuvela enyameni, ubisi omuncu, utshwala, ugwayi nokulala ngokocansi. Le misebenzi yokuxhumana yabe ihilela imikhuba ekhethekile yokuzinikela kanye/noma udokotela ngemithi.
Ababhuli nabahlaziyi bezimangameli zomlando, owenza imvula ngezikhathi zesomiso, baqoqa amaqhawe ngaphambi kokuba balwe, balingisa amasimu ahlakulelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuvunwa okuhle, ukukhwabanisa abathakathi nokuphathwa kwezifo nokuhlupheka kubantu nasezilwaneni.
Abalandeli bakaKhongolose babengumthombo wamadoda anamandla asebenza njengamaqhawe empini, evikela izikhulu ezibhekene namakhosi angamakhelwane noma izimbangi zangaphandle. Ukufa nokukhokha okukhokhelwa ukubulala noma ukubhula kwakukhokhwa induna yezinkomo.
Zonke izingwegwe zezingwe kanye nenxenye yendlovukazi eyatholakala ekuzingeleni eyayizwe kunkosikazi, ngubani kuphela onelungelo lokugqoka ingubo yesikhumba yengonyama (umnweba) ne-ivory shamb (umxhaka). Ngomnyaka we-1831 iGrahamstown beyithumela i-£ 50,000 yeempahla minyaka yonke, i-£ 27,000 eyakhiwa ngamathambo namaphesenti ama-3 000 wezinyolo zendlovu ezithengwa nge-Xhosa.
IsiXhosa ngokubuyisela akutholanga kuphela izimpahla zokuhweba ezivamile (izingubo, ubuhlalu kanye nensimbi), kodwa futhi namahhashi nezibhamu. Abalandeli benduna bahlinzekela izinkomo ngomcebo womakoti (lobola) womKhulu Omkhulu wenduna. Babe khona ukubuyekezwa kwezempi ngonyaka ngonyaka oMkhulu, lapho ibutho lithathwa yi-war-doctor (itola). Umkhosi wezithelo zokuqala (ulibo) wawuqhutshwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho izitshalo zalahlwa yinduna ngaphambi kokuba zivunwe emasimini.
Amakhosi esiXhosa Kwezombangazwe
Nakuba izinduna zesiXhosa zaseTshawe, lokhu akusho ukuthi behambisana nezombusazwe kuzo zonke izinkinga ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukulungiswa kwezombusazwe kungashintsha kuye ngokuthi inkinga iyingozi. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi segciwane lesifo sesifuba sesifo sesifuba kanye nesiphithiphithi sezinkomo esilandelayo ngo-1856-7, ezinye izinduna zaseXhosa zisekela ukubiza kukaSomlomo uSarhili, owawusekelwe esiprofethweni seminyaka eyizinkulungwane zeMhlakaza neNongqawuse, ukubhubhisa zonke izinkomo okusanhlamvu, kodwa abanye benqaba ukwenza kanjalo.
Abalandeli ababenqatshelwe yinduna engathandeki bangahle bathembele kunkosikazi ethandwa kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, i-aristocrat, enezinsolo ezanele ezombusazwe nezombusazwe, ingasusa ubukhosi kumfowabo omncane noma ingahamba, iqoqe insimu entsha futhi idale umbusi omusha owodwa. Ngokwesiko lesiNgisi, uTshawe ususe ubukhosi ku-Cirha umfowabo.
Ngenxa yalesi senzo, uTshawe, indlu encane kaNkosiyamntu, ubelokhu eyinhloko ebusayo phakathi kwesiXhosa. Kamuva, phakathi nekhulu le-18, uMnumzane Phala's Right-Hand Son Rharhabe wadabula uMfula uKei nabalandeli bakhe ngemuva kokuphikisana kwezempi nomfowabo omncane u-Gcaleka, owayeyindlalifa yokubusa. U-Rharhabe wasungula umbusi wakhe omusha kwi-Amabele Hills, kanti i-Ciskeian Xhosa yaziwa ngokuthi amaRharbebe, i-patronymic esabalulekile nanamuhla.
Translated by Nsika Khoza