A languteriwile kuva Hosi
Vutomi bya yena hinkwabyo President Mandela ari eku leteriweni kuva murhangeri loyi anga yena namuntlha. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (hixi Xhosa, Rolihlahla swivula ku "ku tshova rhavi ensinyeni" kambe hiku kongoma swivulaku "troublemaker") uvelekiwile hi July 18 1918, e Qunu, kusuhi nale Umtata e khale ka Transkei, i nwana wa jaha wa Nonqaphi Nosekeni and Henry Mgadla Mandela, chief councillor evuhosini bya va Thembu.
U hanyile vutomi bya vutsongwani bya yena e Transkei laha a leteriwa kuva hosi. Tata wa yena u hundzile emisaveni hi 1930 laha anga sala a hlayisiwa hi khazi wa yena, loyi akhomele vuhosi bya va Thembu, David Dalindyebo. U pase tidyondzo ta matric e Healdtown Methodist Boarding School laha anga vuya ayisa tidyondzo takwe emahlweni e Fort Hare University College laha anga sungula kona tipolotiki ta machudeni.
Kwalano,hilaha anga hlangana kona na Oliver Tambo loyi endzhaku ka nkarhi anga vuya ava president wa ANC. Hivumbirhi ka vona va hlongoriwile hikokwalaho ko nghenela switereka.
Musunguri wa ANC Youth League
Mandela u rhurhele e Johannesburg — laha aringeta ku tsutsuma vukati lebyi a lunghiseriwe byona ekaya kuya hi xintu — laha anga fika a kuma ntirho e mayini wa nsuku laha a tirha tani hi phorisa. Endzhaku nyana ka sweswo ukumiwile hi maxaka yakwe laha anga tsutsuma aya tumbela.
U hlangane na Walter Sisulu, loyi kufana na Tambo angava munghana lonkulu. Sisulu un’wi pfune kuya kuma ti articles eka feme ya vayimeri. U hetile BA degree laha a dyondza ari ekule laha anga tlhela a pasa LLB e University ya Witwatersrand. A amukeriwa kuva muyimeri ekusunguleni kava 1950s laha anga pfula feme na Oliver Tambo.
Akuri feme yosungula ya vantima lava ava tirhisana kun’we laha tikweni ra Afrika Dzonga. Vaxanisiwile swinene hi valawuri vandzhawu laha ava lava leswaku vasuka e Johannesburg ya valungu leswaku vaya tirha na vantima kuloni'. Varingetile na leswaku vito ra Mandela risusiwa eka nongonoko wa vayimeri. Hinkarhi walowo, Mandela ari murhangeri wa swirho swa 60-swotiya swa vantshwa swa ANC leswi aswinga tsakisiwi hivurhangeri bya ANC na maendlelo ya vona eka ti petition ta mfumo.
Ekusunguleni a ehlekete ku aka ANC yiva vandla ra rixaka hikuva a hlohletela radical African nationalism xikan’we na kutiyimisela ka munhu. Goza rosungula ritekiwe hi 1944 --- laha aku sungula Sisulu na Tambo eka vandla ra lavantshwa ra African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL), laha angava president wa vandla eka tiko hinkwaro kuya ekuheleni kava 1950s.
ANCYL yilave leswaku yiva na vuxirho tiko hinkwaro xikan’we no yimeriwa e palamende hi Ma Afrika Dzonga hinkwawo, mphakelo wa misava, timfanelo ta ti-trade union, dyondzo ya mahala no boha xikanwe na minongonoko ya ndzhavuko. Laha hilaha kunga tswariwa Defiance Campaign yava 1950s laha angava "volunteer-in-chief" wa tiko hinkwaro. Ntirho wosungula akuri kuherisa swipimelo swa mafambafambelo. Laha kusungule nkarhi lowu Mandela a tlhontlhana swinene na valawuri.
Matikhomelo ya vun’we no mpfumala xihlawula mbala
Eku sunguleni Mandela na vatirhi kulobye avanga tshembi mintlawa ya tinxaka leto basa laha vanga landzelela maendlelo ya xi Afrika. Kambe himinkarhi ya Defiance Campaign usungule ku cinca mavonelo yayena laha swinga endla leswaku kuyimiwa hi vun’we no pfumala xihlawula mbala.
Hi 1952 yena na van’wana votala vakhomiwile laha ava hehliwa hi nandzu wa Suppression of Communism Act. U voniwile nandzu a nyikiwa 9 wa tinhweti e jele leswinga vuya swiyimisiwa kuringana malembe yambirhi. U yirisiwile naku va xiphemu xa tinhlengeletano xikan’we no ka anga humi e Johannesburg.
Loko swiyiriso leswi swihela swiendle leswaku kuva na ku pfuxetiwa hi xipidi kuringana 9 wa malembe, kambe uye emahlweni a tirhisana na mintlawa leyintsongo xikan’we no tirhisa ma endlelo ya cell system eka marhavi ya ANC hiku lulamisela vuleteri bya le xihundleni.
Ku tengisiwa ekaTreason Trial
Hi December 1956 ari un’wana wa vanhu va 156 van’watipolotiki lavanga khomiwa no hehliwa hi nandzu wa high treason. Milandzu leyi yo duma ya "Treason Trial" leyinga koka rinoko ra misava hinkwayo naku koka kuringana 5 wa malembe. Mandela na vahehliwa vanwani vatiyimerile hi voxe endzhaku kaloko vayimeri vavona vatava vatshike kuva yimela hinkarhi wa 1960 state of emergency. Eku heteleleni milandzu ya vona yivuye yi herisiwa. Vandla ra ANC riyirisiwa hi 1961.
Mandela anyamalala laha anga sungula ku tiveka tani hi "Black Pimpernel" loko arikarhi a tumbela maphorisa kuringana 17 wa tinhweti. Minkarhi na minkarhi ata tiyisa vanhu nhlana hikuva a humelela eka tinhlengeletano, ava na rito atlhela a nyamalala.
Ari eka pfhumba raku cinca tiko hiku endla constitution ya xi dimokirasi xikan’we no lulamisa switereka swa ti-stay-at-home no kombisa kuvilela.
Kova muteki wamahungu un’we, Peter Hazelhurst, loyi angava na nkateko wo burisana na yena hinkarhi lowu. Hazelhurst u tekiwile eka vuwalawala bya doroba, a bohiwa mahlo, ajikajikisiwa na doroba leswaku ata hlangana nhloko angativi laha anga kona laha ekuheteleleni anga tikuma ari e kamareni rokarhi.
Loko a pfuriwa mahlo ukume leswaku Mandela a tshame na yena. Xiviko xakwe xa swikoxo swa Mandela swihumile eka phephahungu ra Sunday Express leswinga hlundzukisa valawuri. Ava lava kutiva leswaku Mandela angava ari kwihi, kambe Hazelhurst anga koti kuva byela, hikuva a hlambanyile leswaku angaka anga vuli nchumu xikan’we noka anga tivi leswaku hikwihi laha ava hlangane kona. Mburisano walowo awu hlundzukise mfumo swinene.
Phepha hungu ra Rand Daily Mail
Endzhaku ka 12 wa malembe lawa yanga landzela loko Prime Minister Vorster andzi vutisa himatikhomelo ya Rand Daily Mail, laha andziri editor hinkarhi walowo, mhaka leyi ayaha vuyelela.
Undzi vutise leswaku, "Xana hikokwalaho ka yini andzi nga vabyeli leswaku Mandela ari kwihi loko muteki wamahungu wa mina a burisana na yena hinkarhi lowu ari eku tsutsumeni maphorisa hi 1961?" Maphorisa ya Vorster, lava avan’wi hleverile loko hinga se hlangana, avanga switwisisangi.
Aswinga ndzi nyikangi ntshikelelo wo byela Vorster leswaku u lumbeta phepha hungu leri naswona aswitiviwa hi phepha leri ariri makwenu wa leri. Vorster, himpela, ari holobye wa vululami hinkarhi walowo waku nyamalala ka Mandela xikan’we nakuva "Black Pimpernel" a hundzule maphorisa swiphunta.
Ku hela ka ntshuxeko
Hinkarhi lowu se a balekile laha tikweni laha anga hlamarisa vanhu hikuya humelela eka Pan-African Freedom Movement Conference e Addis Ababa hi January 1962. U fambile aya e London nakuya hlangana na vurhangeri bya mavandla yokokela tlhelo yale Britain. U kote noya leteriwa tani hi guerrilla e Algeria.
Mandela u jika jike na tiko laha ati cinca a fana na chauffeur ya Cecil Williams loyi ari muhumelerisi wa theatre, xirho xa vuthu ro hloma ra ANC. A kuri eka rendzo rosuka e Durban kuya e Johannesburg laha a nga vuya a khomiwa arina Williams laha maphorisa ava pfale patu ekusuhi nale Howick e Natal. Sweswo akuri ku hela ka ntshuxeko wakwe kutlula 27 wa malembe.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni
Mandela na vabohiwa kulobye vasusiwile e Roben Island kuyisiwa endhawini yo antswa ya Pollsmoor prison....