Ukufunzwa kwamaqabunga kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokunikezela izakhi ezitshalweni. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokufafaza amaminerali emaqabungeni. Ukufunza amaqabunga kusebenza ngcono kunokuvundisa umhlabathi. Izifundo zibonisa phakathi kwezikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili emashumini amabili izinkinga zokumunca-okugwema lokho okuningi okwenzeka ezimpandeni nasemhlabathini.
Amakhemikhali athathwa yi-stomata. I-Stomata indawo evulekile kumaqabunga, cishe kufana nesithwana sokujuluka esikhumbeni somuntu. I-Stomata nayo ikhona ezinhlakeni futhi ingakwazi ukuthola izakhi zomzimba ngisho nangenkathi ebusikalapho amaqabunga ewile phansi.
Iningi le-stomata ingaphansi kweqabunga futhi isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokumunca kulapho isitshalo sikhula kakhulu - ukukhula okusheshayo ngaphambi nje kokuqhakaza, ngesikhathi sokuvuna nase veraison (lapho izithelo / imifino iqala ukuveza ibala) futhi nje ngaphambi kokuvuthwa.
Ukufunzwa kwamaqabunga kusetshenziselwa ukuqinisa imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuzala. Kukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwezithelo, nciphisa ukucindezeleka kwezitshalo uma kunenkinga noma ukucindezeleka okuhlobene nesimo sezulu, kuvimbela ukuncipha kwamaminerali phakathi nemvula futhi kusiza ngokumelana nokukhuphuka kwezinambuzane nezifo ngokukhulisa isibalo se-Brix*.
Futhi kwandisa inani lokudla okunomsoco kwesitshalo njengoba kuboniswe yizifundo ePakistan ngokolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukondla amaqabunga kanye nama-bacterial endophytic (amabhaktheriya akhula emathisini wezitshalo ngaphandle kokulimaza) kubonise ukuthi ukuqiniswa okwemvelo kokolo okubalulekile kungasiza ekunqandeni ukungondleki.
Zonke izakhi zimuncwa kalula, kodwa ukuhamba kwamaminerali ngaphakathi kwesitshalo kuhluke kakhulu. Inayithrojeni (N), ifosiforasi (P), i-Potassium (K), ithusi(Cu), i-Manganese (Mn) noZinki (Zn) idluliselwa kalula kwezinye izingxenye zesitshalo, kodwa amaminerali afana neKhalisiyamu (Ca), iMagineziyamu (Mg ), I-Boron (B), i-Iron (Fe) ne-Molybdenum (Mo) azihambisani kalula. I-amino acid chelate calcium yiyona yodwa uhlobo lwe-calcium elizohamba kusukela emaqabungeni kuze kube sezingxenyeni zezitshalo zokuzala. IKhalusiyamu iyisakhiwo esibalulekile sokwakha zamaseli.
Ukondla amaqabunga kumunca engcono kakhulu lapho kufafazwe njengenkungu (ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephakeme kakhulu). Uthonsi omncane, ukumuncwa okungcono. Izinwele ezincane ezizungeze i-stomata ngayinye zizoheha izakhi ngaphakathi kwethonsi ngalinye. Sebenzisa amanzi alungile – ukumunca kuba yinkinga uma amanzi equkethe usawothi omningi (Na) noma 'amanzi anzima' (ikhalusiyamu ephezulu). Engeza uthi olusebenzayo ukuze lokho okufafaziwe kubambe kangcono iqabunga. Ukwandisa ukumuncwa ngokuvimbela amanzi ekwakheni 'ibhola' okwenza kube nzima ukumunca.
Ukumunca kwanda lapho umfafazo une-pH ephakathi kuka-5.5 no-6.5. Nciphisa i-pH ngevinika yama-apula noma ukwandise ngokufaka i-bicarbonate ye-soda. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokufafaza siphakathi kuka-06:00 kuya ku-08:00 ekuseni noma ngo-18:00 kuya ku-20:00 ebusuku lapho umswakama uphakeme. Ukuthola isisombululo esifanele, abalimi abathile balinganisa uBrix wesitshalo nge refractometer ngaphambi nje kokufafaza futhi emva kwamahora amathathu noma amashumi amabili nane emva kokufafaza. I-Brix ingakhula ngamayunithi amathathu.
*U-Brix (°Bx) ulinganisa inkomba yokucubungula emanzini okutshala - isibonakaliso seshukela, amaminerali kanye namaprotheni okuqukethiwe. Lokhu kungabonisa ukuthi isitshalo sinomsoco, sinezakhi eziningi, futhi sinamanzi aphansi nenayithrojeni okuqukethwe nokumelana kangcono nezinambuzane ezilimazayo. Izinga elilinganiselwe lekhwalithi yezitshalo ezimbalwa (Isilinganiso se-Brix yi-°Bx): Utamatisi - obuthakathaka = 4°Bx futhi omuhle kakhulu = 12°Bx; Ubhontshisi obuhlaza - obuthakathaka = 4°Bx nokuhle kakhulu = 10°Bx noma i-Beetroot - obuthakathaka = 2°Bx futhi omuhle = 12°Bx.
Abalimi abancane noma abalimi balimi bangondla amaqabunga ngokusebenzisa ingqatha yelusene (noma ingqatha yonogwaja noma ufulawa we-lusene). Engeza inkomishi ezimbili zengqatha kulitha elilodwa lamanzi bese ushiya ubusuku bonke. Engeza lesi sitshalo ngamalitha ayishumi wamanzi bese ufafaza phansi kokubili nangaphezulu kwezitshalo. Iphesenti elodwa le-EM (ama-micro-organisms asebenzayo) noma umquba womsundu ungasetshenziswa njengendlela yokondla oamaqabunga.
Translated by Nsika Khoza