Iindidi zemihlaba eMzantsi Afrika zohluke kakhulu. Eminye imihlaba iyi santi, eminye inodongwe oluninzi kuze kubekho nomhlaba onamatye. Imihlaba ayohluki kuphela ngenkangeleko nangombala, kodwa nangezinongo noku kwazi kwayo ukubamba amanzi. Imihlaba eyisanti okanye engamatye inganezinongo ezimbalwa namanzi amancinci kunaleyo iludongwe.
Ngaphezulu, isinongo sendalo (organic matter) esisemhlabeni sidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Indlela ezikhula ngayo indidi ezithile zemidiliya zingangafani, oku kuxhomekeka kumhlaba othile ezikhuliswe kuwo. Imo yezulu, umhlabam ulwazi ngamatye nendidi yomhlaba kudlala indima kwimveliso ye wayini ekwi zinga eliphezulu.
Imo yentlalo kunye nodidi lomhlaba zingachaphazela indidi ye wayini. Ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuba luhlobo luni lomhlaba ekutyalwa kulo ukuze kukwazeke ukulawuleka izinongo zayo nokuvelisa iwayini ezikwi zinga eliphakamileyo.
Ukuze kwaziwe indidi yomhlaba, ibangumsebenzi onzima nodinga ubuchule. Ukuze kufunyanwe olu lwazi, imingxuma kufanele igrunjwe. Le mingxuma ke kufuneka igrunjwe kwindawo ekhethiweyo ze uhlolo olupheleleyo lwenziwe ngusolwazi wemihlaba.
Umhlaba oyi Santi
Umhlaba onodongwe olu ngaphantsi kwe 6% awunankani ingako ekukhuleni kwengcambu, kodwa eyona nto ingu mceli mngeni kulomhlaba kukungakwazi kwawo ukubamba amanzi. Lomhlaba unezithako ezimbalwa. Ngoko ke, umhlaba oyisanti kufanele unkcenkceshelwe rhoqo nezichumiso zifakwe kaninzi.
Amanzi amaninzi agalelweyo ajika abelulophu msinya. Ukuba kukho amahlalutye amakhul esanti, amanzi ahroxa msinya ukungena emhlabeni. Ukongiwa kwamanzi kungenzia ngokuthi kutyalwe izityalo zokusitha okanye i mulch – isambatho esixineneyo sesityalo esifileyo ngaphezulu-ukunciphisa ulophu.
Ukhula nalo lufunxa amanzi akhoyo nezinongo, ngoko ke ukutyala izityalo zokusitha nolawulo lokhula kulicebo elihle kwifama ezikumhlaba oyisanti. Ukongeza umgquba kongeza ihumus emhlabeni kunye nokukwazi komhlaba ukubamba amanzi. Okona kunkcenkceshela kulungileyo emhlabeni oyisanti kokwe micro okanye i drip systems zona zingankcenkcesheli thuba lide.
Nangona umhlaba onesanti ucolekile kwaye uphalala, usenokuqina upakishane emva kwemvula ezingamandla nokuma kwezithuthu. Ukuhlakulwa rhoqo komhlaba oyisanti, nge gaba kungenza umonakalo.
Umhlaba olu Dongwe
Umhlaba oludongwe uvamise ukufumaneka kufuphi nemilambo apho sube ushiywe ngamanzi okanye izikhukula. Umhlaba oludongwe uyakwazi ukugcina amanzi kunye nezinongo ezininzi. Imidiliya ekhuliswe kumhlaba ololuhlobo ivamise ukuchuma kakhulu.
Lomhlaba ucolekile kwaye unomahluko omkhulu kwileya zawo ezohlukeneyo. Maxa wambi umhlaba oludongwe ukhangeleka okwesonka esifakwe izinto (sandwich) apho iileya zohlulwe yisanti ehrabaxa. Umahluko omkhulu kwindlela oyiyo wenza kubenzima ukuba iingcambu zingene zizinze emhlabeni; kwamanye namanzi angena nzima.
Amanzi angena emdongweni aphumele esantini ayokifikela emhlabeni, kodwa iingcambu azikwazi ukungena kule leya inesanti ehrabaxa. iTillage kumhlaba oludongwe kufuneka ihlelisiswe ukukhusela ukuxinzeleleka. Umba wamanzi omhlaba oludongwe kubalulekile ukuba uqwalaselwe xa kucetywa ukulima intsimi ngemitshini.
Ukuxinzeleleka komhlaba kungenziwa kukuhamba hamba kwemoto ukuba udongwe lumanzi kakhulu. Kumhaba oludongwe, izixhobo zendalo zenza kubengcono ukuba amanzi atshone nomoya ubethe ungcono. Ukuba umhlaba wome kakhulu, kungenzeka izigaqa ezikhulu. Ukujongana nale ngxaki iileya zomhlaba kufuneka zixutywe ngegaba.
Umhlaba ona Matye
Le ndidi yomhlaba ixhaphakile kumhlaba ongaphezulu. Ikwabizwa nge dorbank okanye ‘koffie klip’. Amalungisello omhlaba angawo abalulekile ukuze kukhutshwe ileya ezizikhethileyo nezingakwazi ukugrumbeka. Ezi leya zingenza kubenzima ukuba kungene iingcambu emhlabeni.
Amalungiselelo omhlaba kwindawo ezinamatye akholisa ukuxabisa imali eninzi, njengoko izixhobo ezikhulu nezibizayo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukususwa le leya ingaphezulu. Ngoko ke le dorbank iqinileyo iyahlakulwa nge subsoil plough okanye iripper. Kufuneka kulunyukelwe kungaphinde kuqiniswe umhlaba osele ulungisiwe. Umhlaba onamatye osele ulungiswe kakuhle uwagcina ngcono amanzi nezinongo.