The Geological Sequence
Eka magidi gidi ya mamiliyoni wa malembe, misava yisungule ku hola naswona ayi tshame kulangutana na xibakabaka kutani ku hlaseriwa ka yona ku hunguteka, kumbe leswi aswi endliwa hikokwalaho ka swiphemu swotala swa maribye eka miseve ya dyambu leswi se aswi fayiwile kumbe kutirhisiwa. Nkahelo wa mati, carbon dioxide nati gas tin’wana ti phohlile exikarhi ka maribye lawa yanga pandzekela kuta fika e henhla ka misava kutani yihumela ehandle kuya e mapapeni. Mpfula yisungule ku na kutani malwandle yasungula kutala. Mati e henhla ka misava yasungule kuva kona kwalomu ka 3.9 wa mabiliyoni wa malembe lawa ya hundzeke.Nkarhi wa Archaea
Lawa i masungulo ya nkarhi wa Archaea (minkarhi ya khale) naswona wuve kona kuya fikela eka 2.5 wa mabiliyoni wa malembe lawa ya hundzeke. Hinkarhi lowu, mabandi ya leswi vuriwaka Granite-Greenstone rock layers yave kona, lawa yanga endla leswaku kuva na migingiriko ya geology. Xikombiso xo antswa xaku hlayisa nkarhi wa Archaea xaha vonakala nasweswi emisaveni naswona xikumeka e Mpumalanga, kusuhi na doroba ra Barberton, laha khale ka Granite-Greenstone strata ringa hundzuluxiwa naswona rivonakarisiwa emisaveni. Maribye lawa ya volcano, lawa vitaniwaka komatiities, yavuye yava kona eka seabed ya khale swinene exikarhi ka 3.6 na 3.2 wa mabiliyoni wa malembe hi vukhale. Xivumbeko xa wona xikomba leswaku yave kona hinkarhi lowu mahiselo eka mantle ayari ehenhla kutlula leswi yanga xiswona namuntlha, leswi kombaka leswaku misava yiye emahlweni yi hola eka ku nghenelela ka millennia.Loko crust yiya emahlweni yitiyela, kuve na switirhisiwa swotala silica (leswi aswinga tiyanga kufana na molten leyinga e hansi) ayi tala ku tlakuka kutani yihlengeletana ehenhla ka mantle. Tani hileswi ayi vevukile kutlula mantle na tshaku ra lwandle, maribye lawa yotala silica aya kotanga ku dzika kambe ya papamarile, eku heteleleni ya bumbula kuringana kupapamala e matini kutani ya endla swihlala.
Cratons
Kuya hinkarhi, swihlala leswi swahaku endlekaka swiyile emahlweni swipapamala, laha loko swirikarhi switlumbana swinga dzudza misava leyinga ringanela kuva yi endla ndzhawu leyi yinga kona emisaveni. Nhlanganelo lowu wuvuriwa ‘micro-continents’. Xikan’we kanwe, maribye lawa ayari ehandle ka mati ya yile emahlweni ya fayeleleka loko ya biwa hi moya na mati lawa ya khulukaka, kutani leswi dzudzekaka swicheriwa exikarhi ka misava na lwandle swihundzuka gravel conglomerates, sandstones na mudstones. Tiko nkulu rosungula ari teka xivumbeko.Ku komisa xitori lexo leha, matiko nkulu lawa yosungula yaye emahlweni ya kula naswona kusukela kwalano, leswi ayanga tlimbananga kutlula tshaku ra lwandle, switikombe switika swinene kuwa hambanyisa. Swiphemu swinwana swa crust ya matiko nkulu swi sale swaha hanya kuringana malembe ya 3 billion lawa ya landzelaka. Yangava ya hambanile ya tlhela ya hlangana kuringana kotala, kambe ayanga hangalasiwanga kumbe ku tlhela ya tirhisiwa. Namuntlha, hivula swiphemu leswi tshamisekeke swakhale swa crust, ti ‘cratons’.
Craton ya Kaapvaal
Yin’wana yati craton ta khakle eka planet i Kaapvaal Craton, leyi yahakumekaka e mbilwini ya Dzonga wa Afrika. Sayizi ya craton yosungula ayi tiveki, kambe vulavisisi byi komba leswaku e dzongeni wa Afrika Dzonga, xiphemu xa vupela dyambu bya Australia, India na Madagascar aswihlanganile eka minkarhi liya ya khale. Loko malembe yarikarhi ya famba, kuve na maribye lawa yanga ndlaleka ehansi ehenhla ka tshaku ra craton’s Granite-Greenstone, xikan’we na nhlayo leyi tsakisaka yati minerali. Kaapvaal Craton yitava xivindzi xaku chayisiwa ka Vredefort.Ti leyara tosungula ta maribye yantshwa kuva kona eka Kaapvaal craton tivuriwa Dominion group. Tina leyara ro vevuka swinene ya maribye ya sedimentary lawa yanga tlhandlekela leyara ya ribye ra igneous. Ribye ra Sedimentary rivumbekile loko kuva na kukhukhuriwa laha masalela yakona yanga wela endzhawu yin’we kutani ya endla rin’wana ribye hindlela leyi vitaniwaka lithification. Ribye ra Igneous, hileka tlhelo lerin’wana, rivumbeka loko kuva na volcano ehenhla ka mantle na crust, laha magma yi cheriwaka hilaha kunga pandzekela eka crust kufikela rihola xikan’we naku tiyela. Lava leyi khulukaka yihumelela emisaveni leswaku yita endla ribye ra igneous.Translated by Ike Ngobeni