Khuyini i-Vredefort Dome?
Manje, khuyini i-Vredefort Dome begodu kubayini iqakatheke kangangokuba bangabe bayenze igcenye yeendawo zelifa lephasi (World Heritage Site)? nasi indaba. Eminyakani engaba yi 2 bhiliyoni eyadlulako (leyo yibhiliyoni njenge 1000 miliyoni) kwaba nehlekelele ngaphandle kwedorobho elincani lanamhlanjesi le-Vredefort, endaweni ye-Orange Free State. ikwekwezi enomsila ekulu enobukhulu obuhlangana ne 10 kunye ne 15 khilomitha ubuvundla yawela phasi, yadala umonakalo omkhulu nehlangahlangano.
Nasele ithuli lehlile, i-crater enobukhulu obuhlangana na 200 kunye ne 300 khilomitha idayamitha yasala ngemuva, yarega ukusuka e-Welkom esewula yetjingalanga ukuya ePitori etlhagwini yepumalanga. Esentha ye-crater bekune-uplift engasuthi mgodi ovela emanzini lokha nawuphosela ilitje elikhulu. I-uplift leyo, yayinobukhulu obungaba yi 100km ubuvundla, obuyi-Vredefort Dome. Namhlanjesi, i-dome lee enengi yakhukhuleka nofana yavalwa malarha wamatje amatja, kodwana kusasele indawo yentaba ye-Dome (‘Dome Mountain Land’) esabonakala itshophekile edorobheni lanamhlanje le-Parys.
Umakhiwo Omkhulu Owabethana Ngamandla
I-Vredefort Dome ngenye yemakhiwo yokuthoma ekulu eyabetheka ngamandla etholakala ephasini kufikela nahlanjesi. Ukuya phambili, ukubethana ngamandla lokhu kwatjhugulula iphasi lalihlanakathelisa bekwasunduzela phezulu iphasi lemandulo namalarha wamatje angabonakaliko okhunye ephasini. Begodu kunokhunye. Kuthiwa ukubethana ngamandla lokhu kwavalela igolide ngaphasi egade likhona ematjeni angephezulu, labulunga igolide lemangweni we-Witwaterstrand ukwenzela isizukulu esizako.
Manje, nanoma ingasiyindaba ekulu njengeye-Drakensberg nofana inomlandu ofana newe-Robben Island, indawo esentabeni magega ne-Parays ifanelekile nakuza kwezejiyoloji zephasi mazombe. I-Dome iveza godu indima eqakathekileko edlalwe kubethana ngamandla kwe-meteorite ekubumbeni iphasi lethu, nokuthuthukisa kwamaphilo aphila phasi kwalo.
I-Astrobleme
Njengombana i-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) ibeka: “ i-Vredefort Dome, engaba yi 120km esewula yetjingalanga ye-Johannesburg, imjameli wegcenye yebethano ngamandla lomakhiwo we-meteorite ekulu, nofana i-astrobleme. Kusukela eminyakeni eyi 2,023 miliyoni, iyi-astrobleme edala ukudlula zoke ezikhona ephasini kufikela njenganje. Inerediyasi engaba yi 190km, begodu ingekulu khulu netjhingela khulu ekhaya rhurhulwa. I-Vredefort Dome ingufakazi be-energy eyodwa ekulu khulu ekheyaba khona eyaziwa ephasini loke, eyabanga amatjhuguluko amakhulu ephasini, kufakahlangana, ngokuya ngabososayentsi, amatjhuguluko wokusombuluka kwendawo amakhulu. Iletha ubufakazi obuqakathekileko bomlandu wejiyoloji yephasi begudu iqakathekile ekutheni sizwisise ukusonguluka kwendawo yephasi. Nangaphandle kokuqakatheka kwayo emlandwini wephasi, umsebenzi wejiyoloji ngaphasi kwephasi kufinyelele ekutheni kuqimele ubufakazi obubuya eendaweni lapho ekwaba khona ukubethana ngamandla ne-Vredefort isibonelelo esisodwa ephasini esinikela iphrofayili epheleleko yejiyoloji ye-astrobleme ngaphasi kwe-crater floor”
I-Vredefort Dome ngiyo edala, ekulu netjhingela khulu erhurhulekileko yokubethana ngamandla komakhiwo we-complex meteorite ephasini. Imumethe ikhwalithi ephezulu nejiyoloji (outcrop) etholakala eendaweni ezitjengise ubufakazi bejiyoloji eyahlukahlukeneko yamandla webethano lomakhiwo we-complex meteorite. Iindawo zemaphandleni nakuma-landscape wemvelo we-serial property zirhelebha ukuletha isithombe sobukhulu beringi yomakhiwo owawumphumela webethano lamandleli. I-serial nomination ithathwa njengesibonele somjameli womakhiwo webethano ngamandla le-complex meteorite. Ukuhlolisisa kwe-comprehensive comparative neminye imakhiwo yebethano ngamandla le-complex meteorite litjengise bona ngiyo yodwa isibonelo esikhona ephasini esinikela iphrofayili epheleleko yejiyoloji ye-astrobleme engaphasi kwe-crater floor, ngalokho ivumela irhubhululo ekuthomeni nekuthuthukeni kwe-astrobleme msinya ngemva kokwenzeka kwebethano ngamandla.
Indawo Yelifa Lephasi yesi 7 eSewula Afrika
Yoke imikariso mraro yejiyoloji ngokuhlanganyela zenze i-Vredefort Dome yaba yi-National Heritage Site ne-World Heritage Site yesi 7 Esewula Afrika. Umongo wendawo yelifa lephasi ungalingana ne 30 000ha, nezinye iindawo ezithathu ezincani eziqakathekileko kujiyoloji ezitholakala ngaphandle kwendawo yomongo. Iindawo lezi ezithathu yi-stomatolite, indawo ye- chocolate tablet breccia kunye nendawo ye-pseudotachylite (quarry). Umongo uzombelezwe yi-5km buffer zone, endaweni engaba yi 70 000ha.
Isimemezela se-UNESCO
I-UNESCO inikele, i-UNESCO ingathatha, begodu i- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) inesimemezelo esinemibandela embalwa eqakathekileko etloliweko. Ngitsomule isiqunto sokuqhina emtlolweni ongaphasi, njengombana kukarisa ukuqala umsebenzi we-World Heritage Site usenziwa.
Lokhu kutjho bona ama-stakeholders ahlukahlukeneko anesibopho se-Dome anikelwe kufikela ngo 2007 bona balungise iindaba zabo. Nginesiqiniseko sokobana bazokwenza lokhu, kodwana angekhe kubelula njengendlela ekutjhiwo ngayo. Kokuthoma, indawo yommongo ye-Dome ijame ngenyawo linye esifundeni se-North West nelinye esifundeni se-Free State, ngayinye inebho yabavakatjhi yayo, ibhajethi kunye nemigomo. Ibuye iwele kibomasipala abayi 5 abahlukahlukeneko begodu ifakahlangana abaphathi beendawo abazijameleko abangaphezulu kuka 100, kunye nombuso wesizwe (national government). Kunama-conservancies amabili ahlukahlukeneko asebenzako emahlangathini womabili wesifundeni ukuzama ukuthuthukisa nokubulunga iindawo zabo.
Okudanisa
Ukuba ziinqetjhana kwe-dome kwenza bona ukukhulumisana kubebudisi begodu ihlangahlanganise indlela yokwenza iinqundo, njengombana woke umuntu anama-agenda nalakho okuqakathekileko kuye. Nomakunjalo, umuntu uthemba bona ama-stakehloders ahlukahlukeneko azokurhona ukubekela ngahlanye lokhu abangazwani ngakho basebenzisane nomphakathi wendawo ukuletha umthetho wokuphatha obumbeneko, ongenza bona iprojekthi ibeyipumelelo.
Ikomidi ye-UNESCO ebikwe ngaphezulu lena nangambala yabuyela yayokuvakatjhela indawo ekupheleni kwenyanga kaSihlabantangana 2008. Bedogu izinto bezingakhambi ngendlela egade ihleliwe. Ikomidi ephetheko yahlukana phakathi, ama-stakeholders bekanghanghisana ngeendlela zokuthuthukisa; nendawo beyingaka menyezelwa ngokuya ngemigomo kwemithethoi yelifa leSewula Afrika. Lokhu kwadanisa kancani.
Imiraro Ekufanele Ihlulwe
Kuyavunywa, bonyana kunemiraro eminengi ekufuze ilungiswe. Iinqundo zenziwa baphathi besifunda bakude lee ngaphandle kokuvumelana nabanye abaphathi, beMafikeng kunye ne-Bloemfontein. Bekunganasivumelwano sokobana isenta yabavakatjhi yakhiwe kuphi, e-Vredefort namkha e-Venterskroom. Ukunganakekeli kuhle kwakamasipala kwabanga ukuvuza kwesweritjhi yavuzela e-Vaal River. Abaphathi bendawo abatjha baphikisana nokwenza kwemithetho yepalande i-national heritage legislation. Begodu bekunokutlhayela kombono ofanako noburholi obuphumelelisako.
Kodwana ungathuki. Nanoma ngesikhathi sokutlola, iripoto yekomiti khabe ingakaphumi, kunobungozi obuncani bokobana ubujamo be-Dome World Heriatge bungabuyiselwa emuva. I-UNESCO ingabetha imikhono embalwa kodwana kuncani okuphathekako okungathusela indawo lee, abaphathi abakhulu abatja babekiwe begodu neendlela zekambiso yokuphatha zenziwe zabancono. Sithemba bona i-Vredefort dome kwanjesi izokuba namandla ukuyaphambili.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana