Abarhubhululi Bekhethu
Emuva eSewula Afrika, ukuthuthukiswa kwebethano ngamandla ku-sayentsi kubonakala kusidlula siqalile. Ngo 1916, US.J Shand wahlathulula kokuthoma irhuluphelo lesehlakalo sokuncibilika kwamatje asibiza nge-‘pseudotachylite’ kodwana azange aveze bona akusiwo amanje avela entabeni evutha umlilo. Irhubhululo lokuthoma elingeneleleko lejiyoloji ye-dome, lenziwa ngo 1925, laphetha ngokuveza bona i-dome yabangelwa kuthuthumba okukhulu kwamarhasi wentaba evutha umlilo. Ngo 1936, abarhubhululi ababili baphakamisa bona ibethano ngamandla labanga i-dome, kodwana lokhu akhenge kwanakwa barhubhululi bekhethu khulu.
Into eyayirarako kwakumakhiwo we-Dome ngokwawo. Ibethano ngamandla elisuka phezulu lingabangela njani bona iphasi liye phezulu? Ngeqiniso ukuthuthumba kwangaphakathi ngaphasi komhlaba nofana i-intrusion ngiyo engabumba i-uplift kunebethano ngamandla langaphandle. Nanoma kunjalo, ngo 1947, usojiyoloji ibizo lakhe ongu R.D Daily waza nomqabango ongakaqinisekiswa owavezwa zizinto ebegade azibona ezimayelana nebethano ngamandleli bewaphakamisa bona ukutjhaphuluka kwegandelelo ngemva kwebethano ngamandla ngilo elingabangela amalarha wamatje bona ahlangane godu bekayephezulu komakhiwo we-Dome. U-august godfather akhenge bamuhlule ngekulumo begodu waripota bona i-dome yenziwa yikambiso yama-tectonic.
Ukuphikisana Kwaragela Phambili
Eminyakeni eminengi, ukuphikisana kwaragela phambili. Imibono yangaphetjheya yayiqala khulu ihlangothi le-impact-school. Kodwana abarhubhululi beSewula Afrika baragela phambili ukukhiqiza amaphepha aphakamisa bona yinto yangaphakathi (eyimagnethi nofana e-tectonic). Ngabo 1960s, iripoti eyabuya ku-Geological Survey ye-Ottawa yaveza umehluko hlangana kwemihlobo emibili yama-craters: leyo enamadayamitha anobukhulu obungaphasi kwamamitha ambalwa, avamise ukubumbeka njengesigodi, namanye amakhulu ukudlula amakhilomitha ambalwa, avamise ukuba ne-uplift esenta yamatje amadala azombelezwe yekholoro yamalarha amancani.
Iphetheni engazwisisekiko ye-crater lena yafanela i-Vredefort khulu. Noma kunjalo, abososayentsi bekhethu bahlala emahlelweni wabo, bathathela phezulu umsebenzi wesazi sama-cryptoexplosion sangaphetjheya, u-Walter Bucher, owahlala emagamenakhe wokobana imakhiwo ye-dome yabangelwa kuthuthumba kwamarhasi atjhisako avuzela amalayinini abuthaka ku-crust yephasi.
Ama-Metamorphics Atjhogako
Nangaphandle kwe-reticence yabarhubhululi bekhethu, ukuzwisiswa kokutjhogeka kwama-metamorphics kwayaphambili ngokuthuthuka, Ngo 1968, ikhonferensi yangaphetjheya ngesifundo lesi yabantjwa, yahlanganisa izazi ezibuya eenarheni ezinengi.
Lokhu kwanikela ama-theorists webethano ngamandla imiqabango emitjha begodu, eminyakani embalwa elandelako, amaqha afaneleko enziwa. Amaripoti wamasampula kunye nemiphumela yeenhlolisiso zelabholatri ezibuya kuma-terrestrial craters, nematjeni we-lunar zaragela phambili ngokuqinisekisa, begodu nama-scales athoma akhomba i-hyphothesis yebethano ngamandla.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yabo 1970s, imakhiwo yebethano eyi120 besele itholiwe egcenyeni yeendawo ezinengi ezihlukahlukeneko zephasi begodu namatswayo wamatje afaneleko abumbiweko ajayelekileko kuma-craters amanengi besele ahlathululiwe. Amatje lana woke abizwa nge-‘impactites’ – igama eliletha emqondweni amalunga wabafundi abafunda boke etlasini lokuthabulula umzimba, nofana abantu abazele ku-lift.
Ngeminyaka yabo 1980s, izazi ezinengi zangaphetjheya besele zikholwa begodu amayunivesithi wakezinye iinarha zangaphetjgeya besele afundisa bona i-Vredefort Dome yenziwa sisehlakalo sebethano ngamandla. Kodwana ingasi seSewula Afrika. Lapha, abanekani (egade badoswa phambili ngusojiyoloji owaziwako u- Louis Nicolaysen) bahlala ethembeni laba bona i-dome yenziwa yi- cryptovolcanic.
Ekugcineni, ikhonferense, yabizwa ukuze kuzokurarululwa irarano lee. Yabanjwa e-Parys ngo 1987 begodu abosolwazi ababuya eenkampeni zombili bapha isiphande somhlangano. Ihlangano yabhalelwa kufinyelela isiqunto. Singatjho bona, kwathathwa amavoti ekugcinwni komhlangano begodu abanengi balabo egade bakhambele umhlangano baveza isekelo labo lokobana idabuka ebethanweni lamandla langaphakathi.
Ku-Atomic Level
Ukuqunta indaba ede ibeyifitjhani, iminyaka elitjhumi elandelako beyizele amripoti wethabo abuya kubarhubhululi eSewula Afrika nephasini mazombe. I-dome yaphenyisiswa beyahlonywa bosojiyoloji begodu, kancani kancani, ubufakazi bathoma bakhula. Kwatholakala i- Coesite kunye ne-Shishovite, ama-micro-deformations kuma-quartz crystals atholwa kunye nemvelo ekungiyo yamambala ye-metamorphism ematjeni yafundiwa. Ekugcineni, ngo 1997, u-Hughes Leroux warhona ukuhlolisisa amanye amatje wesampula ku-atomic level. Irhubhululo lakhe lathola ubufakazi obungaphikiswako bona i-Vredefort Dome yehlelwa yihlekelele yebethano ngamandla le-dolossal elenza bona amatje oneke ijamo ku-fundamental level. Abantu egade bangathembi ekugcineni bakholwa.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana