Ithekunoloji Etja
I-iron age yalethwa baBantu seSewula-Africa, abafika babuya epumalanga. Abakhambaba baletha ithekunoloji etje, efana, nomsebenzi wensimbi, zelimo kanye nefuyo yekhaya, begodu baziwa ngokobana bazinza epumalanga ye-Sewula –Africa ngeminyaka kayo-500AD. Iminyaka leyo yaba minyaka lapha kuthoma khona i-Iron age enarheni le.
Kuthe lokha nabarhatjhekela etjingalanga, aBantu bahoma ukuzihlukanisa babazinqhemaqhema, isiqhema ngasinye sabanelimu laso lesigodi kanye nesikolaso okuya ngemirabhu yaso efanako ye- ‘Ntu’Phakathi enarheni, abantwaba bafika baba sitjhaba saba-Sotho-Tswana esele sihlala narheni leyo namhlanje. Etlhagwini, babasitjhaba samaSwazi, Zulu kanye namaXhosa.
I-Iron Age lada
Ngeminyaka yabo-1300AD, ihlangano yezehlalakuhle kanye nezepumelelo yethekunoloji yaBantu gade sele zithuthuke zaze zafikelela esikhathini se-iron age yalada. Ngeskhatheso, istjhaba sakade saba-Sotho kanye namaTswana gade sihlala emizini eyenziwe ngelitje elikhulu, ngesinye isikhathi gade kuhlala abantu abafikelela ku-1000.
Iphetheni le yathonywa yabonwa eendaweni ezifana nemaPungubwe nekungenye yendawo zamagugu zeSewula –Africa. Ngeminyaka yabo-1800s, ezinye iindawo zokuhlalezi gade sele zikhule zaba lidorobha elinabantu abayi-15 000. Idorobha eliqakathekileko leKaditshwene ukwenza isibonelo, latlhadlhulwa ngokurareka begodu gade lihlonitjhwa mamitjhinari wamakhuwa wakade egade ahlala endaweni leyo.
Ezinye iindawo ze-iron age ezilisumi, gade zibonwa ngokobana zakhiwe ngamatje omileko, begodu gade zitholakala esifundeni se-Dome. Hlangana nazo azikho egade zibonakala zizikulu, kodwana zitlhogonyelwe kuhle begodu ama-archaeologist ambalwa sele agcugcuzele kobana zitlhogonyelwe khulu nokobana kwenjiwe imakhiwo eseleko.
Imakhiwo ye-Vredefort
Indlela imakhiwo ye-Vredefort yakhiwe ngayo itjengisa iphetheni yaphakathi egade ibonakala enarheni yoke ngeskhathi sinye. Lokhu kungendlela izindlu zotjani gade zizombeleze ngayo isibaya, begodu zijamela ukuphatha kwezehlalo lapha iinkomo gade zilitjhwayo lobunjinga kanye nepumelelo. Ikosi gade ihlala ehloko yesibaya kanye nomndeni nabasebenzi bayo, izindlu zotjani gade zakhiwe ngokobana umuntu uqakatheke kangangani emphakathini.
Isibaya senkomo gade kungiso esikhulu khulu, ngebanga lokobana gade bahlanganelakhona nanyana eduze kwaso lokha nabararulula imiraro nanyana nabakhulumisana nemithetho yesigoga. EbaSuthwini, indawo le gade ibizwa bona li-‘kgotla’ ekutlhadlhula bona indawo lapha kuhlanganyelwa khona). Ngokwesiko, indoda gade Ibulungelwa esibayeni senkomo.
Indawo eqakathekileko yabafazi, ngakwelinye ihlangothi kwakulikhaya – akurari lokho. Umuzi ngamunye uvamise kobana ube nangaphambili lapha kulotjhiselwa khona iimvakatjhi kanye nangemva lapha kuphekelwa khona (ngesibuyeni) Abasikazi ngokwesiko babulungelwa ngesibuyeni ngemva komuzi.
Imakhiwo Yesikhathi se-Iron-Age
Eminye imakhiwo ejwayelekileko yesikhathi se-Vredefort se-stone age kubalwa hlangana imigodi yesiphila (kanye nezala lenzibi) kanye nendawo lapha kubekwa khona ukudla kwefuyo nanyana isiphila.Iinsalela zemijeka ephukileko, kanye neminye yokubeka izinto amatje wokusila nakho kuyatholakala endaweni le.
Ngebhadi, iimfundo ze-arhaeology zesikhathi se-Iron age endaweni lapho egade kuhlala abantu gade zingakabekwa phambili ngeminyaka yebandlululo, ngebanga lokobana umlando ogade ufaka hlangana abantu abanzima gade kungabonwa uqakathekile nanyana kunerhonakalo lokobana ube yingozi. Njeke, imakhiwo eminengi ye-Vredefort gade ingahlolwa zimfundiswa zeskhatheso. Indlela le yokwenza izinto yatjhuguluka eminyekeni edlulileko, nanyana kunjalo, irhubhululo lemakhiwo ye-iron age kanye namasiko walo sele kukhamba phambili mvanje eSewula –Africa yoke.
Ukwenziwa okungeneleleko endaweni ye-Vredefort kwenziwe mvanje endaweni ebizwa bona yi-Askoppies (Ash Hill) ebizwa njalo ngebanga lendunduma yemilotha emakhulukhulu ayatholakala endaweni leya. Indawo ye-Askoppies ifika emakhilomitheni ambalwa amumethe hlangana kwemakhiwo eyi-8 ukuya ku-15 ehlukahlukeneko.Iindawo ezijameleko le ngayinye, gade uhlukaniswe ngobutharha mamatje ahlangeneko akheke njengeqephe lelwandle egade lihlukanisa imakhiwo ekuhlala abantu kiyo ngaphakathi. Amaboda omileko atlanywa ngokobana kuhlanganiswe amatje amancani, namakhulu atholakala enarheni lezo ezizombelezikelo, begodu idaka kanye nesamende gade zingasetjenziswa. Khumbula bona amaboda la akasi yincenye yomuzi owenziwe ngedaka nanyana ubumba, kodwana afana nefensi yengadi efakwe hlangana nemizi.
Imakhiwo ye-Vredefort
Indlela imakhiwo ye-Vredefort yakhiwe ngayo itjengisa iphetheni yaphakathi egade ibonakala enarheni yoke ngeskhathi sinye. Lokhu kungendlela izindlu zotjani gade zizombeleze ngayo isibaya, begodu zijamela ukuphatha kwezehlalo lapha iinkomo gade zilitjhwayo lobunjinga kanye nepumelelo. Ikosi gade ihlala ehloko yesibaya kanye nomndeni nabasebenzi bayo, izindlu zotjani gade zakhiwe ngokobana umuntu uqakatheke kangangani emphakathini.
Isibaya senkomo gade kungiso esikhulu khulu,ngebanga lokobana gade bahlanganelakhona nanyana eduze kwaso lokha nabararulula imiraro nanyana nabakhulumisana nemithetho yesigoga.EbaSuthwini ,indawo le gade ibizwa bona li-‘kgotla’ ekutlhadlhula bona indawo lapha kuhlanganyelwa khona). Ngokwesiko, indoda gade Ibulungelwa esibayeni senkomo.
Indawo eqakathekileko yabafazi, ngakwelinye ihlangothi kwakulikhaya – akurari lokho. Umuzi ngamunye uvamise kobana ube nangaphambili lapha kulotjhiselwa khona iimvakatjhi kanye nangemva lapha kuphekelwa khona (ngesibuyeni) Abasikazi ngokwesiko babulungelwa ngesibuyeni ngemva komuzi.
Imakhiwo Yesikhathi se-Iron-Age
Eminye imakhiwo ejwayelekileko yesikhathi se-Vredefort se-stone age kubalwa hlangana imigodi yesiphila (kanye nezala lenzibi) kanye nendawo lapha kubekwa khona ukudla kwefuyo nanyana isiphila.Iinsalela zemijeka ephukileko, kanye neminye yokubeka izinto amatje wokusila nakho kuyatholakala endaweni le.
Ngebhadi, iimfundo ze-arhaeology zesikhathi se-Iron age endaweni lapho egade kuhlala abantu gade zingakabekwa phambili ngeminyaka yebandlululo, ngebanga lokobana umlando ogade ufaka hlangana abantu abanzima gade kungabonwa uqakathekile nanyana kunerhonakalo lokobana ube yingozi.
Njeke, imakhiwo eminengi ye-Vredefort gade ingahlolwa zimfundiswa zeskhatheso. Indlela le yokwenza izinto yatjhuguluka eminyekeni edlulileko, nanyana kunjalo, irhubhululo lemakhiwo ye-iron age kanye namasiko walo sele kukhamba phambili mvanje eSewula –Africa yoke.
Ukwenziwa okungeneleleko endaweni ye-Vredefort kwenziwe mvanje endaweni ebizwa bona yi-Askoppies (Ash Hill) ebizwa njalo ngebanga lendunduma yemilotha emakhulukhulu ayatholakala endaweni leya. Indawo ye-Askoppies ifika emakhilomitheni ambalwa amumethe hlangana kwemakhiwo eyi-8 ukuya ku-15 ehlukahlukeneko.Iindawo ezijameleko le ngayinye, gade uhlukaniswe ngobutharha mamatje ahlangeneko akheke njengeqephe lelwandle egade lihlukanisa imakhiwo ekuhlala abantu kiyo ngaphakathi.
Amaboda omileko atlanywa ngokobana kuhlanganiswe amatje amancani, namakhulu atholakala enarheni lezo ezizombelezikelo, begodu idaka kanye nesamende gade zingasetjenziswa. Khumbula bona amaboda la akasi yincenye yomuzi owenziwe ngedaka nanyana ubumba, kodwana afana nefensi yengadi efakwe hlangana nemizi.
Abantu be-Askoppies
Ilanga elitjolwe emetheriyalini etholwe e-Askoppies itjengisa kobana indawo le gade kuhlalwa kiyo kusukela ngeminyaka yabo-1680 ukuya ekuthomeni kweminyaka yabo-1800. Kwathola amathunga amanengi wesphila, atholwa ngemva kwezimdlu kanye nesibayeni esiphakathi lokhu kutjengisa bona gade bavuna isphila kanye nama-cereal ngobunengi. Amabele kuqatjangwa bona gade kungiwo atjalwe khulu.
Nanyana iinkomo gade zibonwa njengemali, gade zidliwa babantu be-Askoppies, kanye nenye ifuyo yekhaya, efana nezimvu, iimbuzi, kanye nenkukhu. Nanyana kunjalo, iinlwane zomango, ezifana nama-steenbok, amadube, kanye nama-blesbuck zibalwa hlangana kwe-50 % yokudla, njeke ukuzuma gade kuyinto eqakathekileko. Iinlwane ezincani (ezifana nemiqasa, iirhuru kanye nentarantara) ifesi yedamini nayo gade idliwa.
Emabubulweni, i-Askoppies iyavumelana nendawo ze-iron age enarheni yoke. Amathambo kanye namathulusi wamatje ayatholakala,ekubalwa izinto zokukira kanye namanalidi, ekukhombisa kobana abantu gade bazilungisela iinkhumba( zenkomo kanye nezengwemabala) Izinto zokuzirhabisa ezifana namabhengela we-ivory, imincamo yerhalasi kanye namatjheliwe we-cowrie, nakho kwatholakala, itjhwayo lebujamo bezihlalakuhle obuphezulu butjengisa kobanaabantu be-Ashkoppies gade barhweba hlangana kwetlhagwini ephakathi nesepumalanga. Amacici we-copper nawo enjiwa, enzibinapho kanye nemikhonto eyenziwe nge-iron, etjengisa kobana abantu gade basebenzisa isimbi.
I-ashkoppies sele iyinarha ezijameleko begodu iyatholakala ngokobana uthathe amakhambo atlolisiweko abathola imvume emnikazini wenarha kobana bavakatjhele endaweni leyo.
Abantu be-Askoppies
Ilanga elitjolwe emetheriyalini etholwe e-Askoppies itjengisa kobana indawo le gade kuhlalwa kiyo kusukela ngeminyaka yabo-1680 ukuya ekuthomeni kweminyaka yabo-1800. Kwathola amathunga amanengi wesphila, atholwa ngemva kwezimdlu kanye nesibayeni esiphakathi lokhu kutjengisa bona gade bavuna isphila kanye nama-cereal ngobunengi. Amabele kuqatjangwa bona gade kungiwo atjalwe khulu.
Nanyana iinkomo gade zibonwa njengemali, gade zidliwa babantu be-Askoppies, kanye nenye ifuyo yekhaya, efana nezimvu, iimbuzi, kanye nenkukhu. Nanyana kunjalo, iinlwane zomango, ezifana nama-steenbok, amadube, kanye nama-blesbuck zibalwa hlangana kwe-50 % yokudla, njeke ukuzuma gade kuyinto eqakathekileko. Iinlwane ezincani (ezifana nemiqasa, iirhuru kanye nentarantara) ifesi yedamini nayo gade idliwa.
Emabubulweni, i-Askoppies iyavumelana nendawo ze-iron age enarheni yoke. Amathambo kanye namathulusi wamatje ayatholakala,ekubalwa izinto zokukira kanye namanalidi, ekukhombisa kobana abantu gade bazilungisela iinkhumba( zenkomo kanye nezengwemabala) Izinto zokuzirhabisa ezifana namabhengela we-ivory, imincamo yerhalasi kanye namatjheliwe we-cowrie, nakho kwatholakala, itjhwayo lebujamo bezihlalakuhle obuphezulu butjengisa kobanaabantu be-Ashkoppies gade barhweba hlangana kwetlhagwini ephakathi nesepumalanga. Amacici we-copper nawo enjiwa, enzibinapho kanye nemikhonto eyenziwe nge-iron, etjengisa kobana abantu gade basebenzisa isimbi.
I-ashkoppies sele iyinarha ezijameleko begodu iyatholakala ngokobana uthathe amakhambo atlolisiweko abathola imvume emnikazini wenarha kobana bavakatjhele endaweni leyo.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana