Amazambane amahle amtoti ibhatata (lpomoea batatas) awahlobene namazambane avamile. Amazambane enhle elimtoti angomndeni wezinkazimulo ekuseni futhi akhiqiza izimpande zokugcina ezidliwayo. Isivuno sinendima ebalulekile emazweni okudla aseNingizimu Afrika, kuhlanganise neNingizimu Afrika. Amazambane amntonti isisindo esibalulekile sokudla kanye nokuhlushwa kobumpofu okungasetshenziselwa ukulwa nokuntula kweVithamini A okubanzi okwehlisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela nomzimba wempilo yamehlo.
Ama-cultivars eyama ibhatata ahlukene angahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko
• Labo obhatata owomile uma bephekwe
• Labo abanezinhlanzi (soft) inyama lapho bephekwe
Izimpande zokugcina zingatholakala emibhalweni ehlukene. Isikhumba singaba mhlophe, siphuzi, siwomnyama, si-orange, sibubende noma sibomvu sibomvu. Umbala wenyama uhluka kusuka ezimhlophe nokuphuzi kuya kukhanya orange noma orange. Ama-cultivars ase-orange-fleshed acebile ku-beta-carotene futhi ngaleyo ndlela asetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokudla ukuze abhekane nokuntuleka kwe-vitamin A. Ubhatata ayimithombo ecebile yamandla kodwa futhi anika amavithamini C namaminerali afana ne-magnesium, ithusi, insimbi kanye ne-zinc ekudleni komuntu. Amaqabunga ahlinzeka ngamaprotheni engeziwe, amavithamini namaminerali.
Igama lendawo: Ubhatata omhlope
Sesotho: Potata e tshweuSetswana: Potata e tshweu
isiXhosa: lbhatata emhlophe
isiZulu: Ubhatata omhlope
Xittsonga: Nhlata yotshoka
Sepedi : Potata e tshweu
lsiNdebele: lbhutata elimhlophe
Tshivenda : Murambo mutshena
Swati: Bhatata Lomhlope
Umhlabathi: Ubhatata akhula kahle enhlabathini, e-loam noma e-clayey-loam. Isivuno sidinga amanzi ahlanzekile futhi sizwela amanzi, ukusawoti nokusawoti. I-pH enhle (H20) i-5.6 - 6.5. Inhlabathi yomhlabathi noma ubumba akusihle, ngoba ayivumeli ukwakheka (ukuthuthukiswa) kwezimpande ezinhle zokugcina.
I-Climate: Ubhatata isitshalo lesifudumele sonyaka, okusho ukuthi izinsuku ezifudumele nobusuku kubalulekile ekukhuleni okuthuthukile nokuthuthukiswa. Amazambane azwela amazinga okushisa aphansi, ikakhulukazi amaqhwa. Amazambane angatshalwa kuzo zonke izifundazwe zaseNingizimu Afrika uma kutholakala ukuchelela okungeziwe. Lesi sitshalo sisuke sibekezela ngesomiso lapho izimpande zesitoreji zakha.
Cultivars: Orange-fleshed: lmpilo and W-119 (dry); Beauregard (moist) Purple skin (fresh market): Blesbok, Bosbok (moist) Cream skin: Ndou, Monate (dry)
Ukujileleza Kwe-Crop: Ukuguqula ukujikeleza kubalulekile ukuvimbela izifo kanye nezinambuzane ezakhayo. Ubhatata akufanele akhuliswe izikhathi ezingaphezu kweyodwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu enhlabathini efanayo.
Izitshalo zokubuyisela inhlabathi ezifanelekile ezifana nama-phizi, iklabishi, ubhontshisi kanye nommbila kufanele kufakwe ohlelweni lokujikeleza, ikakhulu lapho ukubunjwa kwe-crust kuyinkinga.
I-Propagation: Ukusabalalisa kungukuthi isiqu ziya zawula. Izingxenye zesitshalo se-20-30 cm ubude kufanele zithathwe ngo ku zawula. Amaqabunga angase asuswe emakhakheni we-zawulo ngaphambi kokutshala, kodwa akudingekile. Ama-uzawula aphezulu anamandla kakhulu kunezingcingo ezivela kwezinye izingxenye zomvini. Ngezinye izikhathi izicucu zilungiswa ezimpandeni zokugcina: Tshala izimpande zokugcina ezimbozwe umhlabathi. Uma amahlumela ephakathi kuka-25-30 cm ubude, uwaphule bese usebenzisa ukutshala.
Sika ucezu enempilo angama-20-30 cm, izinambuzane nezifo nge-pruning shear ehlanzekile noma ummese obukhali. tshala embhedeni wakho olungiselelwe ngokufaka isigamu sobude bawo enhlabathini emanzi. Cindezela inhlabathi ngokuzungezile ukuze umhlaba uhlangane kahle ne-stem, ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthazwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande okusheshayo. Nisela amanzi ngokushesha emva kokutshala. Nquma amahlumela njalo kusuka esitshalweni esinempilo. Ungasebenzisi imivini kusuka kumazambane amavolontiya amavolontiya ngoba lokhu kungathatha izinambuzane nezifo.
Ukusebenzeka Kwezonke: Khipha inhlabathi ngokuhle ngokulima noma ukusebenzisa imfoloko, igeja noma i-spade. Ukukhulula umhlabathi ekujuleni kwama-250-300 mm ukuze uthole impande ephumelelayo, ukungena kwempande kanye ne-drainage. Susa amatshe bese uphula izingqimba ezinzima ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuhle kwempande. Wonke ama-clods kufanele aphonswe ngokusebenzisa i-rake noma umlimi oqotshwe ngesandla kuze kube yilapho kutholakala umbhede omuhle kakhulu.
Izitshalo zokumboza (umquba ohlaza) zingatshala futhi zisebenze enhlabathini 3-4 izinyanga ngaphambi kokusungula isivuno.
Indlela Yokuhlawula: 1. Ukugibela: Izitshalo zikhulile emagqumeni noma emidulini. Lezi zintaba zizuzisa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikwazi ukukhukhula futhi zivame ukuvuna. I-cuttings ibeke eceleni kwe-cm 30 emgwaqeni nge-endal basal etshalwe enhlabathini. Amagoda okulingana afanelekile ayenziwe, imivini ibekwe emigodini nomhlabathi ucindezelwe phansi ngokuzungezile. I-cuttings itshalwe ngokubheka nge-3 - 4 efihlekile (ama-nodes) ngaphansi komhlaba 2. I-flatbed: Abanye abalimi bakhula Ubhatata emibhedeni ephansi emhlabathini onesihlabathi ngemiphumela emihle.
Uku Vula Isikhali: Ubhatata amahle amtoti angabhekwa njengesitshalo sezinsimu kunokuba kube nemifino yasendlini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ungumgijimi futhi uthatha izikhala ezinkulu.
Ukuze ingadi yasekhaya (lapho isikhala sinqunyelwe khona) umugqa noma amabili kungaba ngokwanele. Indawo yokusika i-cuttings 25-35 cm (noma ubude be-spade blade) ngaphakathi kohlu. Ngokuvamile izigxobo noma amagwaqo we-1 m eceleni asetshenziswa. Kodwa ingaba yi-90-150 cm ehlukaniswe ukukhiqizwa kwensimu noma 80-90cm emasimini asekhaya, futhi aphezulu ka-30-40 cm.
Izikhathi Zokutshala: Izindawo ezigcwele iqhwa elilula: Kusukela ngoNovemba kuya phakathi kukaDisemba. Izindawo ezinesithwathwa esinzima: Phakathi kukaNovemba kuya ekuqaleni kukaDisemba. Izindawo ezingenamanzi: Agasti kuya ku-March. Ezindaweni ezipholile uSepthemba kuya kuFebhuwari. Izindawo zemvula yokushisa: phakathi kukaNovemba kuya ekuqaleni kukaDisemba; November ulungile.
Umquba: Amasampula omhlabathi kufanele athathwe izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze kulungiswe izinkinga zokuzala inhlabathi. Imikhiqizo ehlukene yomanyolo ingasetshenziswa kuye ngohlobo lomhlabathi. I-ammonium sulphate izovame ukunciphisa inhlabathi pH kanti i-LAN izokwandisa inhlabathi pH.
Izincomo ezijwayelekile:
Amazambane amntoti adla esindayo ye-nitrogen ne-potassium ngakho-ke isilinganiso se-N no-K kumele sigcinwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Cishe ingu-1000 kg / ha (100g / m2) yenhlanganisela yomanyolo efana no-2: 3: 4 (30) ingasakazwa ngqo ngaphambi kokutshala futhi kufanele ifakwe enhlabathini kancane ngaphambi kokwenza amathafa. Ukuze inhlabathi enesihlabathi imali inganyuswa ibe yi-1200 kg / ha. Faka ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-120-150 kg / ha LAN (12 g ngemitha yomugqa) noma 200 kg / ha (20g / m2) i-ammonium sulphate emavikini amathathu emva kokutshala nasemasontweni ayisithupha emva kokutshala uma kunesidingo. Umhlabathi we-Sandy uzodinga okungenani izingubo ezimbili eziphezulu. Amanzi kahle emva kokusetshenziswa komanyolo.
Umquba ungasetshenziselwa ukwengeza ingxenye yomanyolo wamakhemikhali. Noma kunjalo, umquba kufanele ukhule kahle (izinyanga ezingu-6). Noma kungenjalo kufanele kwenziwe enhlabathini isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokutshala. 15-20 m3 (izandla ezine / m2 ezinkulu) zingasakazwa futhi zifakwe ngaphambi kokutshala.
Ukuchelela: Ubhatata isokubekezela ngokweqile kwesomiso. Kusho ukuthi lesi sitshalo sizokhipha isivuno ngaphansi kwezimo ezinomile. Kodwa ukuntuleka kwamanzi kuyonciphisa isivuno. Ukucindezeleka kwamanzi emasontweni ambalwa okuqala emva kokutshala kanye nesikhathi sokulondoloza izimpande zokugcina (izinsuku ezingu-30-60 emva kokutshala) kuzobangela ukuvunwa okuphansi. Njengomhlahlandlela jikelele, amazambane ama-sweet potato adinga phakathi kuka-450 no-600 mm wamanzi asakazwa kahle phakathi nonyaka okhulayo.
Ukuvuna: Izimpande zokugcina zivame ukulungele ukuvuna izinyanga ezingu-4 (izindawo ezifudumele) ezinyangeni ezingu-5 (izindawo ezilinganisiwe) ngemva kokutshala. Umhlabathi kufanele ube buthaka ngesikhathi sokuvuna ukuvimbela ukulimala nokulimala kwesikhumba. Gwema ukuchelela kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-30 ngaphambi kokuvuna njengendlela yokuphulukisa insimu. Ezindaweni ezifudumele uthathe imivini izinsuku ezingu-4-7 ngaphambi kokuvuna ukwelashwa.Sebenzisa izandla ukuphakamisa izimpande zesitoreji bese uphuma ngesandla. Ungasebenzisi i-geja noma i-spade. Qinisekisa ukuthi ungalimazi izimpande zokugcina nganoma iyiphi indlela ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Izimpande zokugcina zingavuna ngesikhathi esisodwa noma njengoba kudingeka. Uma inkathi ende kakhulu ivunyelwe, izimpande ziyoba zikhulu kakhulu.
Gubha inhlabathi kusuka amazambane, ugeze futhi ushiye ukuze usomile elangeni amahora angu-1-2 lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme kakhulu. Izimpande ezivunyiwe ezingu-32 ° C zingathola i-sunscald kungakapheli imizuzu engu-30. Uma kusale enkundleni ebusuku ebusuku emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-5 ° C, ukulimala kokushisa kuyokwenzeka. Gcina endaweni epholile, eyomile (15 ° C).
Ukubeka: Ubhatata amntoti angagcinwa amasonto amathathu kuya ku-6 emva kokuvuna. Ungalondolozi izimpande eziwonakele.
Amazambane angabuye ashiywe emhlabathini kuze kube yisikhathi lapho udinga khona. Kungcono ukunweba ukuvuna ngokutshala ngezikhathi ezimbili zamasonto ngesikhathi sokutshala.
Khumbula: Ungamanzi ngalesi sigaba. Ezindaweni ezibandayo izinga lokushisa eliphansi liyolimaza izimpande zokugcina emhlabathini. Futhi uma izinga lokushisa lisahle, amazambane azothola kakhulu.
Isitoreji sezindleko eziphansi singenziwa emgodini ongajulile enhlabathini. Faka uhlaka lobuningi obomile emgodini. Phakamisa amazambane anomsoco onobubanzi obuningi obungama-40-50 cm. Ukumboza utshani nomhlabathi owomile. Vala ngophahla oluthile. Ama-sweet potato angahlala ezinyangeni ezingu-4. Ungasebenzisi le ndlela ezindaweni zemvula yasebusika.
Ukusebenzi Ubhatata angasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene:
Izimpande zesitoreji zingadliwa eziluhlaza, abilisiwe, ziphekwe noma ziphekwe
Amasu amahlumela (petioles) namaqabunga amancane angadliwa njengemifino
Ukutshala izinsalela kungasetshenziswa njengekudla kwesitokisi
Izimpande zesitoreji zingasetshenziselwa ukwenza isinkwa, imikhiqizo yokubhaka, iziphuzi, i-jam nejusi
Inkathazo Ne Zifo Eziza Nezinkathazo
Ubhatata weevil
Ama-weevil abadala adla amahlamvu. Umhubhe wezimpungushe zibe izimpande zokugcina kanye neziqu.Lawula:
Ukutshala ukujikeleza kungasiza ukunciphisa inani le-weevil.
Ukugibela izimpande zokugcina kuzokwenza ukuthi kuncishiswe ukunciphisa.
Bushisa izitshalo ezithintekayo emva kokuvuna.
Sebenzisa ama-cuttings wezitshalo ezingenayo i-weevils noma izibungu.
Musa ukutshala ama-cuttings eduze nesitshalo esedlule samazambane.
Susa zonke izimpande zokugcinwa ngesikhathi sokuvuna futhi ungalokothi usebenzise izitshalo ezizithandayo (izitshalo ezivela emkhakheni lapho amazambane atshalwa khona ngenkathi yangaphambilini).
Nciphisa ukukhwabanisa kwenhlabathi.
Lungisa isikhathi sokutshala ukuze izimpande zesitoreji zingekho ngesikhathi somile.
Ukuvuna okwesikhashana, njengoba isitoreji semvelo ngenkathi eyomile kukhuthaza umonakalo.
Amtonti amazambane hawk moth izibungu
Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya emabhodleleni asundu (amacimbi) "nophondo" elincanyana ekubuyeni komzimba. Bondla amahlamvu emini.
Lawula:
Ukuthatha ngesandla izimpungushe kuvame ukutholakala uma izinombolo zingekho phezulu.
Indima Yezifo
Fusarium wiltEbangelwa yi-Fusarium oxysporum, lesi sifo singabangela ukulahlekelwa okunzima kwezivuno. Lapho usika ngesitshalo sesitshalo esithathelwanayo, kungabonakala ukuhlukumeza okubomvu okubomvu kwezicubu ezinomzimba. Amaqabunga aphuzi, amnyama futhi afe. Izitshalo ezithintekile nazo zithinta inhlabathi.
Lawula:
Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezibekezelayo.
Sebenzisa indaba yokutshala izifo.
Phendulela izitshalo nabangewona amabandla.
Kwenqabela ngangokunokwenzeka ukucindezeleka okunjengokuntuleka kwamanzi nokuphakama amazinga okushisa phakathi nenkathi yokukhula.
Ezincanyane Izifo
Alternaria Leaf Spot, Soft Rot, Sclerotium Wilt, Scurf and Foot Rot.
Lawula: ngokuqondene Fusarium Wilt.
Indawo Yokubeka Izifo
Phakathi nesitoreji, ukubola okupholile, ukubola kwendawo kanye nokubola okumile kungenzeka.
Lawula:
Ungavuni lapho inhlabathi emanzi.
Ungalimazi izimpande ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Geza inhlabathi bese uphulukisa izimpande.
Ungalondolozi amazambane awonakele nalabo abonisa izimpawu zesifo
Ukwelapha amazambane ngaphambi kokugcina.
Ivirus Diseases
I-sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) igciwane elivame ukwelapha amazambane. Itholakala ngezinye izikhathi ekutheleleni okuxutshwe namanye amagciwane. Nakuba izimpawu zivame ukubonakala emaqabunga, isivuno sinciphisa kakhulu futhi izimpande zokugcina ezigciniwe ziphelile. Uma sikhona, izimpawu zivame ukugcinwa emaqabeni asebekhulile abonisa amanye ama-chlorotic namanye amaphethini wokuhlanza imifino. Izitshalo ezitheleleke kakhulu ziphelile futhi amaqabunga awo amancane.
Ukuthutha:
I-SPFMV isakazwa yizinhlobo ze-aphid ezithola igciwane esitshalweni esinegciwane engaphansi kweminithi eyodwa bese isithumela ngokushesha esitshalweni esinempilo.
Lawula:
I-VOPI.
Lawula ukhula ngaphakathi nangaseduze kwenkambu, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze-lpomoea zasendle.
Sebenzisa izinto ezitshalo ezibonakalayo ezinomsoco, ezinamandla.
Susa izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezithambile amazambane, ama-debris nokhula kusukela esikhathini esandulele ngaphambi kokutshala.
Ukuvuselela izinto zokutshala njalo eminyakeni engama-2-3.
Hlanza yonke imishini yokusika enekhambi elinamandla likaJik.
Ukuphathwa Kwezitshalo
Ukuhluma kubaluleke kakhulu ngenyanga yokuqala emva kokutshala. Ukulimala kungenziwa phakathi kwezitshalo ngokusebenzisa i-hoe noma ukudonsa ngesandla. Qaphela ukuba ungalimazi imivini. Ukuhluma ngeke kudingeke lapho amaqabunga esitshalo egubha phansi. Amazambane amazambane angalinywa njengesitshalo se-mono noma exutshwe ngamabele, isilwane, ummbila, umcumba, njll.Translated by Nsika Khoza