Ku hlahluviwa ka misava swi endliwa eka malembe yo hlaya nyana, leswaku swita hlohletela swiboho swo nonisa misava xikan’we na ndzulamiso wa swakudya leswi xotaka na nkayivelo loko kungase byariwa koroni. Nongonoko wo nonisa wuta fanele ku landzeleriwa leswaku wuta kota ku avela misava leswi yi xotaka swona kuya hiku hambana ka yona eka swiphemu swa mapurasi eka misava yoleyo, ku nona ka misava, swiyimo swa maxelo, mbuyelo lowu languteriwaka, ndlela yo pfuxeta misava xikan’we na swibyariwa leswi aswi byariwile eka nkarhi lowu hundzeke leswaku swita cinciwa.
Van’wamapurasi vafanele ku ringanisa swilaveko swa kunonisa misava naswona vatiyisisa leswaku vuhumelerisi byi tisa mbuyelo wa kahle. Aswi pfuni nchumu ku tlangisa mali u nonisa misava leyinga vuyiseki nchumu. Xikongomelo nkulu xaku nonisa misava hileswaku swimilani swita kuma swakudya sworinganela leswaku swita tisa mbuyelo wo antswa. Nkayivelo wa swakudya wungava na xiave xo biha swinene eka kukula xikan’we na ntshikelelo wa swimilani, leswi emakumu swinga vangelaka swimilani kuva swikhomiwa hi mavabyi naku hlaseriwa hi switsotswana.
Acid eka Misava
Koroni yifanele kuva yi humelerisiwa eka misava leyingana pH leyingale xikarhi ka 5.5 kuya eka 6.5 kuya hi mpimo wa calcium chloride. Swakudya swin’wana swa misava swingava swi nga kumeki loko pH yiri ehansi ka 4,5. Lime yinga tirhisiwa ku engetelela nhlayo ya pH loko kungase byariwa, kuya hi nhlayo leyi lavekaka na nhlayo leyinga kona xikanwe na muxaka wa misava yoleyo. Laha kukumekakal ime kufanele ku hlawuriwa kahle.
Kuya hiva Agricultural Research Centre Small Grain Institute’s Guideline. Production of Small Grain in the Summer Rainfall Area, dolomitic lime yifanele ku tirhisiwa loko ratio exikarhi ka calcium na magnesium swiri e henhla ka 10:1. Calcitic lime yifanele ku tirhisiwa loko ratio yiri e hansi ka 10:1 naswona vukona bya magnesium byiri ehenhla ka 40 mg/kg (ppm) kutani dolomitic lime loko vukona bya magnesium byiri ehansi.
Lime yifanele ku cheriwa tinhweti tinharhu kumbe mune loko kungase byariwa kutani yirimeriwa e hansi ka misava eka vuenti bya 200 mm kuya eka 400 mm. Van’wamapurasi vanga byala swibyariwa swo hambana hambana leswi kotaka ku kondzelela aluminium, leswaku kungavi naku nghenelela ka misava ya acid eka vuhumelerisi.
Tinharhu Letikulu
Nitrogen, phosphorous na potassium hinkwaswo swina xiave eka vuhumelerisi. Van’wamapurasi vafanele vati hlanganisa na vativi va sayense ya misava kumbe Grain SA eka leswi vahlohletelaka kuva swicheriwa kutani vapfuneta kuva swilulamisiwa kuya hi swilaveko swa vu humelerisi xikan’we na nongonoko wa vuhumelerisi.
Switlhela swiva kahle swinene kuburisana na van’wamapurasi van’wana eka ndzhawu yolayo hi ntokoto wa vona wo nonisa misava, leswaku uta kota ku veka mbuyelo eka xiyimo xokarhi kuya hi leswi vanga tirhisa xiswona.
Aku fanelanga kuva ku cheriwa kutlula 20 kg ya nitrogen hinkarhi waku byariwa, hikuva nitrogen yinga hisa mbewu kutani swiva na xiave xo biha eka kumila ka mbewu, kuya hiva Agricultural Research Centre Small Grain Institute’s Guideline.
Production of Small Grain in the Summer Rainfall Area. Ku fanele ku cheriwa yotala loko kungase byariwa kumbe nitrogen yifanele yivekeriwa ekule swinene na mbewu loko kuriku 20 kg/ha yita cheriwa. Van’wamapuris votala va chela kambirhi kumbe ka nharhu kusivela ku tswongiwa naswona swi tiyisisa leswaku swimilani swikota ku fikelela nitrogen yoringanela hinkarhi wakahle wokula.
Ku cheriwa swifanele swi hungutiwa loko swimilani, swofana nati legumes, leti engetelaka nitrogen eka misava, leswi aswi byariwile eka nguva leyinga hundza, kambe swi tlakusiwa loko kuriku mbuyelo wale henhla awu humelerisiwa eka nguva leyi hundzeke kumbe loko kuri na masalela yotala lawa ayanga sukangi loko misava yirimiwa hinkarhi wo byala, leswinga tisaka xiave xoka xingari kahle eka nkarhi wa nitrogen.
Ku cheriwa ka Phosphate swifanele kuva swilawuriwa hi nkunguhato wa vuhumelerisi hi hectare xikan’we na ntsengo wa phosphate lowungakona eka misava. Potassium ayi talangi ku endla leswaku kuva na mimbuyelo yale hansi e Afrika Dzonga, kambe ku kayivela kungava kona eka misava leyingana alkaline yale henhla ya sandy, ehansi ka maxelo lawa ya titimelaka, ya tsakama kumbe ya misava yo oma kumbe eka misava leyingana magnesium kumbe calcium yale henhla.
Micro Elements
Ku cheriwa kati micro-elements, tofana na copper, zinc, manganese, iron, molybdenum na boron, swinga endla swinga hlamuseleki loko swita eka timali eka misava ya vuhumelerisi byo oma kumbe misava leyinga vuyerisiki mbuyelo wa kahle, van’wamapurasi vafanele ku hlayelela kahle tihakelo leti loko vangase chela swakudya leswi.
Loko kuta sungula kuvonaka ka nkayivelo wa swakudya leswi, kuva se swihundzeriwe hinkarhi kuva ku lulamisiwa ku onhaka loku, kambe ku fafazeriwa ka matluka swinga pfuna kuyimisa ku lahlekeriwa loku.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni