Ngoko mthetho we agroecology, ukondla umhlaba kubalulekile kunokondla isivuno. Yiyo lonto xa uqala uhlelo lokuchumisa kufuneka umhlaba uhlolisiswe uphenywe ukuqonda okokuba loluphi uhlobo kwaye zeziphi izinongo ezingafumanekiyo okanye ezibaxekileyo.
I-pH Yomhlaba kunye Nokufumaneka kwezi Nongo
Umlinganiselo we pH usuka ku 0 ukuya ku 14 ze i-pH engu 7 ibese siphakathini. Ngaphantsi kwe pH engu 7 ine asidi ze ngaphezulu kwe pH engu 7 yi alkaline.Eyona njongo yokulungisa ipH yomhlaba kuku lungisa i-asidi emhlabeni kuba ipH yomhlaba idlala indawo kwizinongo ezifumanekayo emhlabeni.
Ukufaka ilamuni (lime) yezolimo kunikeza izinongo ezifunekayo zesityalo ezifana ne calcium ne magnesium, ingayewehlisa amazinga we aluminium angcolisayo inyuse ukufumaneka kwe phosphorus (P) emhlabeni.
Kwimihlaba ene asidi ene pH engaphantsi ku 6, ukufumaneka kwe nitrogen elungele izityalo kuza kancinci. Nokufumaneka kwe micronutrients manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) ne boron (B) ziyehla xa ipH yomhlaba isonyuka – xa umhlaba uba alkaline.
Iingca kunye nembotyi azifani ngokumelana ne pH yomhlaba. Ingca iyanyamezelana ne pH esezantsi, nangona xa incinci icalcium (Ca) okanye magnesium (Mg), ukufaka ilamuni emhlabeni kuyafuneka.
Iimbotyi zifuna umhlaba ongenayo i-asidi eninzi ukuya kwimihlaba ephakathi kuyo ukuze zivelise umyinge obonakalayo nokunceda kukhule intsholongwane ye Rhizobium, ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni initrogen kwimbotyi ezisemhlabeni. Ukufaka ilamuni yezolimo kuyohluka phakathi kwe calcitic okanye dolomitic lime kwaye izakuxhomekeka kokuba ibisele idingeka kangakanani.
I-pH yomhlab aiyehla (ngokwe asidi) xa kusetyenziswa izichumisi ezine ammonium okanye kutyalwe iimbotyi ezininzi.
I-Phosphorus
Izidingo ze phosphorus kumadlelo engca ziye zijongelwe phantsi kwaye nangona amadlelo engca ekhula kumazinga asezantsi we phosphorus, kodwa umyinge wemveliso wedlelo uzakuba sezantsi ngoko mgangatho. Ngenxa yokudibana kwe nitrogen ne phosphorus, iphosphorus iye ibaluleke kakhulu xa kufakwe initrogen emadlelweni. I-Phosphorus (P) ibalulekile kwimveliso enempumelelo yembotyi ingakumbi kumadlelo ankcenkceshelweyo we Lucerne. Umzekelo, iclover ziye zikhule kwindawo ezine mvula eninzi, apho iphosphorus ne lamuni yezolimo kufuneka zifakiwe.
I-Potassium
Xa izilwanyana zithe zatya kwidlelo, malunga no 90% we Potassium (K) othatyathwe zizilwanyana uyabuyiselwa emhlabeni ngokufaka imanyora nomchamo. Kodwa ke xa amadlelo echetywa rhoqo ihay okanye isilage, ipotassium ziyasuswa. Umzekelo, I 10 kg ye potassium iyasuswa kwi toni nganye ye ngca evuniweyo (Eragrostics curvula). Gcina umlinganiselo olungileyo we potassium emhlabeni ngokuthi uyifake rhoqo ngonyaka.
I-Nitrogen
I-Nitrogen (N) ngundoqo wemveliso eyimpumelelo yengca emadlelweni. Nakweliphi na uhlelo lokuchumisa, kufuneka kubekhona ukulingana phakathi kwe nitrogen nezinongo ezifana ne phosphorus ne potassium, imilinganiselo kufuneka ilinganiswe ukuze ifumise uhlobo lwedlelo. Initrogen ingafakwa amatyeli amathandathu kwaye ukuphindwa ifakwe kwakhona kuzakuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwedlelo, imveliso, ixesha lokukhula, isimo sezulu, nokuba imfuyo ilalaphi. Amadlelo akhula ehlotyeni asebenzisa initrogen kakuhle kwangethuba ngexesha layo lokukhula kwaye kungaluncedo ukufaka isanti okanye umhlaba ngaphezulu. Iimbotyi ezine Rhizobium entshule kakukhle ayidingi initrogen. Xa idlelo elise litsha lembotyi lijike libe tyheli, oko kungathetha okokuba intsholongwane ye Rhozobium ayikaqali ukulungisa initrogen esemoyeni okanye isityalo sidinga initrogen eyongezelekileyo. Ukufaka nitrogen ngaphezulu kungayoyisa lengxaki.
I-Trace Elements
Ubuncinci kwi trace elements ingakumbi imolybdenum (Mo) ingakuvalela ukukhula kwembotyi, kodwa kungalungiseka lula oko. Uvavanyo lomhlaba nengcebiso esuka kumcebisi wezolimo kuyakhuthazwa.
Uyacelwa qaphela: olu lwazi lunikezwa ngenjongo yokufundisa nokunikeza ulwazi kuphela kwaye akufunekanga lubonwe njengolwazi oluvunyiweyo lokuchumisa. Ukuba ufuna ulwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nokondla umhlaba wakho nokuchumisa amadlelo nxulumana nomsebenzi wezolimo okufuphi okanye umvelisi.
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie