Umkhicito we Hananandza eNingizimu Afrika

Ngetulu kweminyaka letinkhulungwane Letine phambilini, sitselo lesilingana-nelihhabhula lesikhumba lesicinile lesinetinhlavu letibovu satiwa eCentral Asia nase Persia (eIran). Sabitwa ‘lihhabhula letinhlavu’ (noma iPunica granatum ngesi Latin), le hananandza yasakaka empumalanga nase nshonalanga ngesikhatsi sekushisa, etigodzini letomile tase India, eAsia kwabasemkhatsini bese eMediterranean Coast futsi yetfulwa ku Mamelika batsengisi be Spanish.
Ngekuhluma emahlatsini etihlahlana letincane noma kutihlahla letinkhulu, le hananandza inesikhumba lesicinile futsi kushiyana lapho ihlanyelwe khona kutsi ingahluka ngelibala – kusuka kumtfubi na bovu kuya cishe kulukhwebeletana. Lama arils labovu (‘tinhlavu’) lingekhatsi lingadliwa liselisha, lingaba nejusi noma lakheke bese lesikhumba sisetjentiswa ku Ayurvedic nakumutsi we ethic.
Lesitselo yindlela lekahle yesingetetelo lesite emakhemikhali negesi kantsi ne oyili yetinhlavu te hananadza ivutsiwe nge punicic acid (kute emakhemikhali negesi, kute kushisa) futsi sisetjentiswa emafutseni ekugcobisa endalo kanye nalokunakekela sikhumba.

Luhla Lwekukhicitwa kwe Hananandza eNingizimu Afrika

©Louise Brodie

Kukhicitwa kwe hananandza eNingizimu Afrika kucale ekusukeni kwa 2000 futsi sekukhule kwaba ngetulu kwemahekitha lamakhulu Layimfica neMashumi lamatsatfu nga 2018. Tinkinga letikhona ngetifo-tekutselelana (emabala lamnyama) tintfo tesitjalo letisuswe eIndia nga 2003 kwatfolwa kwatsi nga 2005 lendzawo leyenta ihananandza eNingizimu Afrika yacala kuchakata.
Kukhicitwa kwe hananandza eNingizimu Afrika kakhulu ihleleke eWestern Cape (80%) naletinye titjalo endzaweni yase Orange River, esifundzeni sase Limpopo nase Southern Cape. Kwanyalo (nga2018) iNingizimu Afrika nguyinye yaletine letinkhulu ku Southern Hemisphere (SH) leniketako kumakethe lengaphandle. Lenkhulu kulomcudzelwano wetemave yi Peru (74% wekuhambisa kwe SH), Chili (14%) ne Argentina (4%).
Kusuka nga 2012 kuya ku 2017, lokuhanjiswa kwe hananandza sekukhule nga 141%, kepha ngemnyaka wa 2018 lokuhanjiswako sekubone bumcoka (19%) wehla. Nga 2018 kwaba ngu 1,17 wetigidzi temakhathoni (3.8 kg wetintfo) tahanjiswa, nakubekiswa naleto ta 1,14 wetigidzi temakhathoni nga 2017. Lesomiso lesabasibi mbamba nga 2017/2018 eWestern Cape kwabanga lokwala lokukhula kulokuhanjiswako. Ngisho noma le hananandza icolela koma simo lesifutfumele, tinkinga temanti tibanga kwala kunombolo yetitselo kanye nelinani lesitselo.
Letimakethe letisetulu-letintsatfu te hananandza yase Ningizimu Afrika yi Europe, iMiddle East ne UK. Emkhatsini wa 2012 na 2018 lokwahanjiswa kuya eRussia kwakhula nga 105% kube loko kwase Middle East kukhule nga 445%.
iNingizimu Afrika yona ingenisa emahananandza lavela eIsrael, ikakhulu ‘iWonderful’ tinhlobo. Sivumelwane sekutsengiswa sivala lokungeniswa kwehananandza kulawa mave lafna ne Spain ne Italy lapho tinnhlobo letinkhulu tikhicitwa khona. Letinye taletinhlobo kufana ne ‘Big Fool – Silima Lesikhulu’ kanye ne ‘Kingdom’ sekuvele kuviwe (ngaphansi kwemvumo) eNingizimu Afrika.
Luhla lwetindlutekuphakishela lalokuphelele kwemkhicito wehananandza yase Ningizimu Afrika luyalandzela: lokungu 80% kwahanjiswa, 11% kwasetjentiswa endzaweni bese lokungu 9% kwamoshakala. Loku ‘lokumoshakele’ kakhulu ngulokufafabukile kanye nesifo sesitselo, lokungalulengeli nekwenta ijusi. Incumbi yaloku ‘lokumoshakele’ kwetitselo kusetjentiswa ekupheni tinkhomo netingulube.
iHananandza lengiyo yenhlanyelo lehanjiswako yase Ningizimu Afrika yi Wonderful (68%), Herskovitz (14%) ne Acco (10%). Kessaro/Bagjwa yi hananandza letsengiswa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika njengoba lizinga layo alikho kahle kutsi ingahanjiswa.
iHananandza leyiyinnhlanyelo lehanjiswako eNingizimu Afrika ikhona esigodzini sase Limpopo lapho khona 250 kuya ku 300 wemahekitha ayalungiselelwa kulinywa nga 2019. Sitselo lesichamuka eLimpopo singavunwa ngekuphela kwenyanga yaBhimbidvwane, lekungakhona kufika kumakethe yase Northern Hemisphere ngaphambi kwesitselo lesichamuka kumave lekucudzelenwe nawo kufana ne Peru. Letihlahla letinsha letihlanyelwe te hananandza tifaka inhlanyelo ye Wonderful ne Acco. eWestern Cape, kuhlanyelwa kwe ‘Angel Red’ (inhlanyelo yase Melika) iyakhula.

Kuhlanyela eHananandza

©Marinda Louw

Ema hananandza acolela simo se Mediterranean – busika lobupholile kanye nelihlobo lelishisako. Iyincelencele emoyeni nasesitfwatfweni. Simo selitulu lesimantana nalesifutfumele singabasela etifenin.
Tihlahla tidzinga kuncutfwa noma kujutjwa bese titfola ekuniseleni kanye nasekwehlukanisweni kwetitselo letihlalelene ngemuva kwekuvela kwesitselo. (Kutsela kwesitselo kungesikhani sitselo lesisha sicala kutsatsa indzawo ngemuva kwembali.)
Ema hananandza kumele avikeleke kumihlwa noma tilwanyana (false codling moth, aphids, mealybug, scale, thrips, mites, whitefly, nematodes) kanye netifo.
Tinkinga temitimba tingafaka kuwa ngekhatsi, kufafabuka kwesitselo, kulimatwa ngemakhata nekushintja kwesitselo.
Tihlahla tehananandza tihluma phindze tikhokhe sitselo ngetulu kweminyaka leMashumi Lamatsatfu. Kuhlela lokukahle, kulungiswa kwemhlabatsi, indlela yekunisela neticheme tenhlanyelo umakudzingeka ngaphambi kwekucala ingadze yetihlahla te hananandza. Umkhicito wentsengo udzinga emalungiselelo lakahle ekulima futsi wentiwa bakhiciti betitselo labanelwati.
Inhlangano Lekhicita iHananandza yaseNingizimu Afrika – Pomegranate Producers Association of South Africa (POMASA) yacalwa nga 2009 futsi ihlanganisa lokwakheka kwekushintjiselana emkhatsini wekuhluma kwehananandza, kwakhiwa, kumakethwa, labayinakekelako nalabacwalingako eNingizimu Afrika.

Kukaleka kwekuHluma kwe Hananandza

Kuhluma kwe Hananandza eNingizimu Afrika kungabangwa bukhona kanye nelizinga lwemanti, simo selitulu kuletinye tindzawo kanye nekushoda kwelwati siphiwo kubalimi labasha. Lucwalingo loluningi kumihlwa lencono noma tilwanyana kanye nekugadza tindlela tetifo, inhlanyelo lensha kanye nebungcongcoshe fana netitolo letisebenta ngekupakisha kanye nebubanti bekubhalisa emakhemikhali kutokhulisa lelitfuba lekuhanjiswa kwe hananandza yase Ningizmu Afrika.

Translated by Phindile Malotana