Ukuphungula

Isendlalelo ngokuphungulwa kwemithi yamaderibe

©Louise Brodie
Pruning is done by hand during the winter months of July and August.
Imithi yamaderibe imhlobo onabako wesitjalo ngokwemvelo, begodu nange ingaphungulwa, ingathwala amaderibe amanengi kodwana ngeemoakana ezincani. Ngokuphungula imitjhana yamaderibe ngendlela efaneleko, kwenza bonyana umuthi ubengendlela ohloselwe yona begodu ugcine uthela ikhwaliti efunekako kanye nomvumo weempakana ezikulu ngendlela ekufuneka ngayo. Ukuphungulokhu kungasiza ukukhuphula amandla wokuthela.
Ngesikhathi sokuphungula, ingcenye yeempakana ebesele zithwela amaderibe iyasuswa, kanye nawo woke amatlhurhelo angafunekiko asemtjhaneni wamaderibe njengombana iimpakana zamaderibe zibumbeka kwaphela esikhathi samatlhurhelo womnyaka eengodweni zeminyaka emibili yobudala. Ukuphungulokhu kwenziwa ebusika. Umnqoho omkhulu kuthola kanye nokugcina ubunjalo bomutjhana wamaderibe esimini yamaderibe ngendlela ekungakghonakala ngayo. Ngendlela le, kusetjenziswa indlela yokusekela imithi le.
Kwesibili, ukuphngulwa ngendlela efaneleko kuqinisekisa bonyana kuba nekhwalithi ehle eentjalweni. Ukwakheka okuhle kwemitjhana le kuqakathekile ngombana kwenza kube lula ukusetjenziswa kwemitjhini kanye nokusekelwa okufaneleko begodu kuvulela nokuhlaba lilanga kanye nokubethwa mumoya okuhle. Iimoakana zamaderibe zisabalaliseka khulu kuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwandisa amatlhurhelo kuyafunyaneka begodu kuqinisekisa bonyana kuba nokunzinza okuhle hlangana kwemirabhu kanye nukumila kwamatlhurhelo.
Indlela yokuphungula kanye nobude bengcenye ethwalako busuka esimini ukuya kenye, nofana kungahluka ngemihlobo yesitjalo okuya kesinye ngokuya ngendawo kanye nemaraga yamaderibe angasetjenziswa khona.

Iindlela Zokuphungula Imitjhana Yamaderibe

Spur pruning: Indlela yalokha iingcenye ezithwalako ziquntwa khona bonyana zibuyele zibe yintoyinye. Indlela le isetjenziswa khulu emaderibeni. Amatlhurhelo amafitjhani la amumatha lawo amabili asuke abizwe nge-spur. Ukuquntokhu kwenziwa ngaphezu kwengcenye yesithomo samatlhurhelo, kungasiphezulu khulu. Half-long pruning: Le yindlela yokuphungula lapho imitjhana iquntwa ngokuqinisekisa bonyana iba siquntu sobude beengcenye ezithelako. Ivamise ukusetjenziswa khulu emaderibeni wematafuleni nofana lapho umkhiqizo ophezulu wesitjalo esikhethekileko udingeka khona. Ingenzelwa ukuqinisa amandla wamasimu ngokuthi kube namatlhurhelo amanengi emthini ngamunye.
Guyot pruning: Kuyindlela yokuphungula imitjhana beyisale ngengcnenye yinye nofana ezimbili ezithwele amatlhurhelo abunane kuthi munye umuthi ube nengcenye eyibambileko esithomeni sayo ukwenzela ukuvuseleleka esikhathini sonyaka esilandelako. I-Guyot pruning isetjenziswa khulu eenarheni ezimakhaza ze-Europe nalapho kunemihlobo yeentjalo ezingaka nothi ezifana ne-Cabernet, Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc. Lapho kusuke kufuneka abaqunti abanamakghono wokwenza njalo.
Long pruning: Kuyindlela lapho iingcenye ezithwalako zisala ngamatlhurhelo ali-12 -15. Isetjenziswa khulu emhlobeni we-Sultana. Ubuhle bokuophungulokhu kukuthi kuqinisekisa ukuvuna okuhle emaderibeni amanengi wetabufuleni. Okumbi ngayo kukuthi udinga khulu izandla.
Mechanical pruning: Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imitjhini begodu indlela ejayelekileko esetjenziswako khulu ngeyosarha eqaliswa phasi nofana phezulu. kuneminhye imihlobo yemitjhini esetjenziswako efana nesikero esiziwa nge- high pressure scissors azikghona ukurhabisa ukuqunta kuhle.
Bush vine pruning: Yindlela ebandakanya iinkambisolawulo zaleyo ebizwa nge-spur nofana i-long pruning, kodwana iingcenye eziquntwako ziquntwa ngaohandle ngehloso. Kuqakathekile ukugcina ingcenye ephekathi yomutjhana ivulekile begodu njengomthetho webholo kufuze ilingane nofana ukulungele lokho.

Iingaba zukuophungula

©Louise Brodie
A team of women pruners in the Hex Valley.
Hedging, Ibuye yaziwe njengendlela yokuphungula ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kulokha igcnenye ephezulu yomuthi uquntwana khona begodu ikhutjhwe hlangana neendada. Isenzwesi senziwa lokha isiquntu samakari womuthi awile begodu iingcenye eziziqu zihlubekile. Isigabeni senza kube lula ukuphungulwa okulandelako begodu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imitjhini nofana ngezandla kwabantu abangaka hlungelwa.
Nawusebenzisa indlela ye-long pruning, isigabesi asidingeki. Preliminary or clean pruning Kulokha woke amatlhurhelo angasetjenziswako njengeengcenye ezithwalako asuswa khona. Isigabesi senziwa lokha lokha isiquntu samakari wemithi le awileko begodu athinthekileko. Short pruning. sigaba sokugcina sokuphungula lapho amatlhurhelo aquntulwa khona ukuthi abuyele enanini elilungileko lamatlhurelo.

Isikhathi sokuphungulwa

©Louise Brodie
Pruning begins when the all the leaves have fallen.
Isikhathi sokuphuhngula siqakathekile. Ngokuvamileko, ukuphungulokhu kuthoma lokha amakari wemithi yoke sele awile, kuvame ukuba ngenyanga kaMgwengweni. Umlawu kukuthi ukuquntwa kusese nesikhathi kukhuthaza ukumila, kuthi ukwenziwa ngokukhamba kwesikhathi kwandise ukunotha kanye nomkhiqizo ophezulu. Ukuqubuka kwamatlhurhelo kungariyadiswa ngemveke ezimbili ukuya kezintathu begodu ukuphungulwa kokukhamba kwesikhathi kungasetjenziswa eendaweni lapho irhwaba liqhele khona ukwenzeka.
Ukuphungula okufitjhani ngenyanga kaRhoboyi kungabanomthelela wokwanda kwamatlhurhelo athelako. Imithi yamaderibe enamandla ingaphungulwa kusese nesikhathi, ngemva kokuvunwa, lokha amakari asathoma ukukhula. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuphungula ukutjhiyana begodu kwehlisa nokumila kwesikhathi esilandelako. Eminye yemihlobo efana ne-Hanepoot, kulunge khulu bonyana kusetjenziswe isgabesi ngesikhathi sinye.

Ukulawulwa kweentunjwana

©Louise Brodie
Pruned cuttings are left in the vineyard row. This is later cut up to serve as a mulch.
Ihlangotheli liqakatheke khulu kabanye babakhiqizi, begodu nabaphunguli batjelwa kusese nesikhathi ukuthi iinqunjwana kufuze bazise kuphi:
Zirhatjhwa phakathi emareyini, lapho asuke aquntulwe mtjhini ophungula amahlathi abe ziintokana ezinqani ezisetjenziswa ukubuthelelwa emareyini. Ziqunte zibe ziinqunjwana ezincani bese uzirhatjha equbini lemareyini. Iqubeli lilireyi eliba ereyini elingaphasi komutjhana wamaderibe. Zithelwa ereyini lesibili –kuvame bonyana kube lireyi elinganazo iintjalo zokubamba ihlabathi – ekuzokuthi ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ziquntwe mtjhini wokuphungula amahlathi ukuze zibeququ ethelwa ngaphasi kwemithi yamaderibe.

Amanceba wokuquntwa

©Louise Brodie
Pruning wounds should be treated against fungal infections.
Amanceba walapho kuquntwe khona amatlhurhelo la ayalatjhwa ukwenzela ukuwavikela emalweleni abizwa ngama-fungi. Ukulawulwa kwamalwele ngesikhathi sokuquntwa kuyahluka khulu ukuya ngamaplasi, kodwana kuqakatheke khulu ukuthi kungaphungulwa lokha nakuna izulu. Iimbonelo zokulawulwa kwamalwele we-fungus:
Hlanza ngensetjenziswa zakhona iinkero zokuqunta kesinye nesinye isiphetho sereyi.
Fufuzela nge-fungicide solution ngemva kokuqunta emancebeni wokuquntiweko.
Sebenzisa i-wound sealant lapho kuquntwa khona endaweni ebanzi ukudlula ubukhulu bemali esihlanu.
Fufuzela i-Trichoderma – indlela ehle khulu kwamambala yokuvikela amanceba wokuquntulwa ngemva kokuquntwa.

©Gys FELCO
Equipment needed to care for pruning scissors.
Ukulungiselela iskhathi somnyaka esisezako begodu nokulula ipilo yesiqunti yenza okulandelako ngaso soke isikhathi:
Hlanza isikero amanzana asalelako etjhefaneni nofana emukhweni waso ngemva kokusise sebenzisa isisetjenziswa sobuso esifakwe ngaphakathi kotjwala nofana ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogen peroxide.
Hlanza ngokungeneleleko kesinye nesinye isikhathi somnyaka ngokuthi uzitjhaphulule iimbowudu ehlanganise iingcenye ndawonye begodu uhlanze yoke ingcenye ekhona ngokuhlukana. Ifireyi kufuze lihlale linamandla wokurarha begodu kufuze lihlale lihlanzekile nofana lifakwe amafutjhana. Qinisekisa ingcenye ephezulu ayikalimali begodu iloleke ngendlela efaneleko. Amatjhefana nofana iingcenye ezingaka fakwa kuhle zizokwenza bonyana udinwe msinyana begodu zingona nesisetjenziswa. Lola ingcenye esikako. Ukulolokho kwenxiwa emahlangothini afaneleko kwandisa ukusebenza okuhle kwalo okuqinisekisa ukuhlala ihlanzekile. Umukhwa lo kufuze usulwe ngokuhlanzekileko ngaso soke isikhathi.

Translated by Johannes Nkosinathi